-
Články
- Časopisy
- Kurzy
- Témy
- Kongresy
- Videa
- Podcasty
Cellular Superspreaders: An Epidemiological Perspective on HIV Infection inside the Body
article has not abstract
Vyšlo v časopise: Cellular Superspreaders: An Epidemiological Perspective on HIV Infection inside the Body. PLoS Pathog 10(5): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004092
Kategorie: Opinion
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004092Souhrn
article has not abstract
Zdroje
1. UNAIDS (2013) Global Report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. 2013 edition. Online: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Available: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/globalreport2013/globalreport/. Accessed 7 April 2014.
2. BoilyMC, BaggaleyRF, WangL, MasseB, WhiteRG, et al. (2009) Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis 9 : 118–129.
3. KeeleBF, EstesJD (2011) Barriers to mucosal transmission of immunodeficiency viruses. Blood 118 : 839–846.
4. LiH, BarKJ, WangS, DeckerJM, ChenY, et al. (2010) High Multiplicity Infection by HIV-1 in Men Who Have Sex with Men. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000890.
5. ParrishNF, GaoF, LiH, GiorgiEE, BarbianHJ, et al. (2013) Phenotypic properties of transmitted founder HIV-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110 : 6626–6633.
6. RajA, van OudenaardenA (2008) Nature, nurture, or chance: stochastic gene expression and its consequences. Cell 135 : 216–226.
7. SallustoF, LanzavecchiaA (2009) Heterogeneity of CD4+ memory T cells: functional modules for tailored immunity. Eur J Immunol 39 : 2076–2082.
8. ReillyC, SchackerT, HaaseAT, WietgrefeS, KrasonD (2002) The Clustering of Infected SIV Cells in Lymphatic Tissue. J Am Stat Assoc 97 : 943–954.
9. LiQ, EstesJD, SchlievertPM, DuanL, BrosnahanAJ, et al. (2009) Glycerol monolaurate prevents mucosal SIV transmission. Nature 458 : 1034–1038.
10. ZhangZQ, WietgrefeSW, LiQ, ShoreMD, DuanL, et al. (2004) Roles of substrate availability and infection of resting and activated CD4+ T cells in transmission and acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 : 5640–5645.
11. ZhuJ, PaulWE (2010) Heterogeneity and plasticity of T helper cells. Cell Res 20 : 4–12.
12. AltschulerSJ, WuLF (2010) Cellular heterogeneity: do differences make a difference? Cell 141 : 559–563.
13. McKinnonLR, KaulR (2012) Quality and quantity: mucosal CD4+ T cells and HIV susceptibility. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 7 : 195–202.
14. Lloyd-SmithJO, SchreiberSJ, KoppPE, GetzWM (2005) Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence. Nature 438 : 355–359.
15. Anderson RM, May RM (1991) Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Keeling MJ, Rohani P (2008) Modeling infectious diseases in humans and animals. Princeton: Princeton University Press. xi, 366 pp.
17. De SerresG, MarkowskiF, TothE, LandryM, AugerD, et al. (2013) Largest measles epidemic in North America in a decade–Quebec, Canada, 2011: contribution of susceptibility, serendipity, and superspreading events. J Infect Dis 207 : 990–998.
18. SteinRA (2011) Super-spreaders in infectious diseases. Int J Infect Dis 15: e510–513.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003) Severe acute respiratory syndrome–Singapore, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 : 405–411.
20. RibeiroRM, QinL, ChavezLL, LiD, SelfSG, et al. (2010) Estimation of the initial viral growth rate and basic reproductive number during acute HIV-1 infection. J Virol 84 : 6096–6102.
21. AndersonD, PolitchJA, PudneyJ (2011) HIV infection and immune defense of the penis. Am J Reprod Immunol 65 : 220–229.
22. LiuA, YangY, LiuL, MengZ, LiL, et al. (2014) Differential Compartmentalization of HIV-Targeting Immune Cells in Inner and Outer Foreskin Tissue. PLoS One 9: e85176.
23. PattersonBK, LandayA, SiegelJN, FlenerZ, PessisD, et al. (2002) Susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of human foreskin and cervical tissue grown in explant culture. Am J Pathol 161 : 867–873.
24. SabaE, GrivelJC, VanpouilleC, BrichacekB, FitzgeraldW, et al. (2010) HIV-1 sexual transmission: early events of HIV-1 infection of human cervico-vaginal tissue in an optimized ex vivo model. Mucosal Immunol 3 : 280–290.
25. McKinnonLR, NyangaB, ChegeD, IzullaP, KimaniM, et al. (2011) Characterization of a human cervical CD4+ T cell subset coexpressing multiple markers of HIV susceptibility. J Immunol 187 : 6032–6042.
26. GrivelJC, ElliottJ, LiscoA, BiancottoA, CondackC, et al. (2007) HIV-1 pathogenesis differs in rectosigmoid and tonsillar tissues infected ex vivo with CCR5 - and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1. AIDS 21 : 1263–1272.
27. PudneyJ, QuayleAJ, AndersonDJ (2005) Immunological microenvironments in the human vagina and cervix: mediators of cellular immunity are concentrated in the cervical transformation zone. Biol Reprod 73 : 1253–1263.
28. StrainMC, RichmanDD, WongJK, LevineH (2002) Spatiotemporal dynamics of HIV propagation. J Theor Biol 218 : 85–96.
29. SnijderB, SacherR, RamoP, DammEM, LiberaliP, et al. (2009) Population context determines cell-to-cell variability in endocytosis and virus infection. Nature 461 : 520–523.
30. SnijderB, SacherR, RamoP, LiberaliP, MenchK, et al. (2012) Single-cell analysis of population context advances RNAi screening at multiple levels. Mol Syst Biol 8 : 579.
31. ZhongP, AgostoLM, MunroJB, MothesW (2013) Cell-to-cell transmission of viruses. Curr Opin Virol 3 : 44–50.
32. SagarM (2010) HIV-1 transmission biology: selection and characteristics of infecting viruses. J Infect Dis 202 Suppl 2: S289–296.
33. LeeB, SharronM, MontanerLJ, WeissmanD, DomsRW (1999) Quantification of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 levels on lymphocyte subsets, dendritic cells, and differentially conditioned monocyte-derived macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 : 5215–5220.
34. ChenJ, DangQ, UnutmazD, PathakVK, MaldarelliF, et al. (2005) Mechanisms of nonrandom human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and double infection: preference in virus entry is important but is not the sole factor. J Virol 79 : 4140–4149.
35. KabatD, KozakSL, WehrlyK, ChesebroB (1994) Differences in CD4 dependence for infectivity of laboratory-adapted and primary patient isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 68 : 2570–2577.
36. ParkerZF, IyerSS, WilenCB, ParrishNF, ChikereKC, et al. (2013) Transmitted/founder and chronic HIV-1 envelope proteins are distinguished by differential utilization of CCR5. J Virol 87 : 2401–2411.
37. JohnstonSH, LobritzMA, NguyenS, LassenK, DelairS, et al. (2009) A quantitative affinity-profiling system that reveals distinct CD4/CCR5 usage patterns among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus strains. J Virol 83 : 11016–11026.
38. BozekK, EckhardtM, SierraS, AndersM, KaiserR, et al. (2012) An expanded model of HIV cell entry phenotype based on multi-parameter single-cell data. Retrovirology 9 : 60.
39. ArthosJ, CicalaC, MartinelliE, MacleodK, Van RykD, et al. (2008) HIV-1 envelope protein binds to and signals through integrin alpha4beta7, the gut mucosal homing receptor for peripheral T cells. Nat Immunol 9 : 301–309.
40. CicalaC, MartinelliE, McNallyJP, GoodeDJ, GopaulR, et al. (2009) The integrin alpha4beta7 forms a complex with cell-surface CD4 and defines a T-cell subset that is highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 : 20877–20882.
41. HarrisRS, HultquistJF, EvansDT (2012) The restriction factors of human immunodeficiency virus. J Biol Chem 287 : 40875–40883.
42. WangX, AbuduA, SonS, DangY, VentaPJ, et al. (2011) Analysis of human APOBEC3H haplotypes and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity. J Virol 85 : 3142–3152.
43. MousK, JennesW, De RooA, PintelonI, KestensL, et al. (2011) Intracellular detection of differential APOBEC3G, TRIM5alpha, and LEDGF/p75 protein expression in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 372 : 52–64.
44. PanX, BaldaufHM, KepplerOT, FacklerOT (2013) Restrictions to HIV-1 replication in resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Cell Res 23 : 876–885.
45. MarquardtA, HalleS, SeckertCK, LemmermannNA, VeresTZ, et al. (2011) Single cell detection of latent cytomegalovirus reactivation in host tissue. J Gen Virol 92 : 1279–1291.
46. WeinbergerLS, BurnettJC, ToettcherJE, ArkinAP, SchafferDV (2005) Stochastic gene expression in a lentiviral positive-feedback loop: HIV-1 Tat fluctuations drive phenotypic diversity. Cell 122 : 169–182.
47. SchroderAR, ShinnP, ChenH, BerryC, EckerJR, et al. (2002) HIV-1 integration in the human genome favors active genes and local hotspots. Cell 110 : 521–529.
48. MitchellRS, BeitzelBF, SchroderAR, ShinnP, ChenH, et al. (2004) Retroviral DNA integration: ASLV, HIV, and MLV show distinct target site preferences. PLoS Biol 2: e234.
49. WuX, LiY, CriseB, BurgessSM (2003) Transcription start regions in the human genome are favored targets for MLV integration. Science 300 : 1749–1751.
50. SkupskyR, BurnettJC, FoleyJE, SchafferDV, ArkinAP (2010) HIV promoter integration site primarily modulates transcriptional burst size rather than frequency. PLoS Comput Biol 6: e1000952.
51. JosefssonL, PalmerS, FariaNR, LemeyP, CasazzaJ, et al. (2013) Single cell analysis of lymph node tissue from HIV-1 infected patients reveals that the majority of CD4+ T-cells contain one HIV-1 DNA molecule. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003432.
52. JungA, MaierR, VartanianJP, BocharovG, JungV, et al. (2002) Recombination: Multiply infected spleen cells in HIV patients. Nature 418 : 144.
53. HaigwoodNL (2009) Update on animal models for HIV research. Eur J Immunol 39 : 1994–1999.
54. PanLZ, WernerA, LevyJA (1993) Detection of plasma viremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals at all clinical stages. J Clin Microbiol 31 : 283–288.
55. MillerCJ, MarthasM, TortenJ, AlexanderNJ, MooreJP, et al. (1994) Intravaginal inoculation of rhesus macaques with cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus results in persistent or transient viremia. J Virol 68 : 6391–6400.
56. El HedA, KhaitanA, KozhayaL, ManelN, DaskalakisD, et al. (2010) Susceptibility of human Th17 cells to human immunodeficiency virus and their perturbation during infection. J Infect Dis 201 : 843–854.
57. MonteiroP, GosselinA, WaclecheVS, El-FarM, SaidEA, et al. (2011) Memory CCR6+CD4+ T cells are preferential targets for productive HIV type 1 infection regardless of their expression of integrin beta7. J Immunol 186 : 4618–4630.
58. AlvarezY, TuenM, ShenG, NawazF, ArthosJ, et al. (2013) Preferential HIV infection of CCR6+ Th17 cells is associated with higher levels of virus receptor expression and lack of CCR5 ligands. J Virol 87 : 10843–10854.
59. ShawGM, HunterE (2012) HIV transmission. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2: a006965.
60. DahabiehMS, OomsM, SimonV, SadowskiI (2013) A double-fluorescent HIV-1 reporter shows that the majority of integrated HIV-1 is latent shortly after infection. J Virol 87 : 4716–4727.
61. DuvergerA, JonesJ, MayJ, Bibollet-RucheF, WagnerFA, et al. (2009) Determinants of the establishment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 latency. J Virol 83 : 3078–3093.
62. MillerCJ, LiQ, AbelK, KimEY, MaZM, et al. (2005) Propagation and dissemination of infection after vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 79 : 9217–9227.
63. McChesneyMB, CollinsJR, LuD, LuX, TortenJ, et al. (1998) Occult systemic infection and persistent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD4(+)-T-cell proliferative responses in rhesus macaques that were transiently viremic after intravaginal inoculation of SIV. J Virol 72 : 10029–10035.
64. MaZM, AbelK, RourkeT, WangY, MillerCJ (2004) A period of transient viremia and occult infection precedes persistent viremia and antiviral immune responses during multiple low-dose intravaginal simian immunodeficiency virus inoculations. J Virol 78 : 14048–14052.
65. BeyrerC, ArtensteinAW, RugpaoS, StephensH, VanCottTC, et al. (1999) Epidemiologic and biologic characterization of a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 highly exposed, persistently seronegative female sex workers in northern Thailand. Chiang Mai HEPS Working Group. J Infect Dis 179 : 59–67.
66. KaulR, Rowland-JonesSL, KimaniJ, FowkeK, DongT, et al. (2001) New insights into HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in exposed, persistently seronegative Kenyan sex workers. Immunol Lett 79 : 3–13.
67. HortonRE, BallTB, WachichiC, JaokoW, RutherfordWJ, et al. (2009) Cervical HIV-specific IgA in a population of commercial sex workers correlates with repeated exposure but not resistance to HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25 : 83–92.
68. UberlaK (2008) HIV vaccine development in the aftermath of the STEP study: re-focus on occult HIV infection? PLoS Pathog 4: e1000114.
69. GoEP, HewawasamG, LiaoHX, ChenH, PingLH, et al. (2011) Characterization of glycosylation profiles of HIV-1 transmitted/founder envelopes by mass spectrometry. J Virol 85 : 8270–8284.
70. GnanakaranS, BhattacharyaT, DanielsM, KeeleBF, HraberPT, et al. (2011) Recurrent signature patterns in HIV-1 B clade envelope glycoproteins associated with either early or chronic infections. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002209.
71. NawazF, CicalaC, Van RykD, BlockKE, JelicicK, et al. (2011) The genotype of early-transmitting HIV gp120s promotes alpha (4) beta(7)-reactivity, revealing alpha (4) beta(7) +/CD4+ T cells as key targets in mucosal transmission. PLoS Pathog 7: e1001301.
72. Pena-CruzV, EtemadB, ChatziandreouN, NyeinPH, StockS, et al. (2013) HIV-1 envelope replication and alpha4beta7 utilization among newly infected subjects and their corresponding heterosexual partners. Retrovirology 10 : 162.
73. EtemadB, GonzalezOA, McDonoughS, Pena-CruzV, SagarM (2013) Early infection HIV-1 envelope V1-V2 genotypes do not enhance binding or replication in cells expressing high levels of alpha4beta7 integrin. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 64 : 249–253.
74. ReddAD, Collinson-StrengAN, ChatziandreouN, MullisCE, LaeyendeckerO, et al. (2012) Previously transmitted HIV-1 strains are preferentially selected during subsequent sexual transmissions. J Infect Dis 206 : 1433–1442.
75. ParrishNF, WilenCB, BanksLB, IyerSS, PfaffJM, et al. (2012) Transmitted/founder and chronic subtype C HIV-1 use CD4 and CCR5 receptors with equal efficiency and are not inhibited by blocking the integrin alpha4beta7. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002686.
76. MotaTM, MurrayJM, CenterRJ, PurcellDF, McCawJM (2012) Application of a case-control study design to investigate genotypic signatures of HIV-1 transmission. Retrovirology 9 : 54.
77. ShenC, DingM, RatnerD, MontelaroRC, ChenY, et al. (2012) Evaluation of cervical mucosa in transmission bottleneck during acute HIV-1 infection using a cervical tissue-based organ culture. PLoS One 7: e32539.
78. OchsenbauerC, EdmondsTG, DingH, KeeleBF, DeckerJ, et al. (2012) Generation of transmitted/founder HIV-1 infectious molecular clones and characterization of their replication capacity in CD4 T lymphocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. J Virol 86 : 2715–2728.
79. PearsonJE, KrapivskyP, PerelsonAS (2011) Stochastic theory of early viral infection: continuous versus burst production of virions. PLoS Comput Biol 7: e1001058.
80. ZhangZ, SchulerT, ZupancicM, WietgrefeS, StaskusKA, et al. (1999) Sexual transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV in resting and activated CD4+ T cells. Science 286 : 1353–1357.
81. PerelsonAS, NeumannAU, MarkowitzM, LeonardJM, HoDD (1996) HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271 : 1582–1586.
82. ArchinNM, VaidyaNK, KurucJD, LibertyAL, WiegandA, et al. (2012) Immediate antiviral therapy appears to restrict resting CD4+ cell HIV-1 infection without accelerating the decay of latent infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 : 9523–9528.
83. HaaseAT (2011) Early events in sexual transmission of HIV and SIV and opportunities for interventions. Annu Rev Med 62 : 127–139.
84. FunderburgNT, Stubblefield ParkSR, SungHC, HardyG, ClagettB, et al. (2013) Circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are activated in inflammatory bowel disease and are associated with plasma markers of inflammation. Immunology 140 : 87–97.
85. ChowellG, HengartnerNW, Castillo-ChavezC, FenimorePW, HymanJM (2004) The basic reproductive number of Ebola and the effects of public health measures: the cases of Congo and Uganda. J Theor Biol 229 : 119–126.
86. KhanAS, TshiokoFK, HeymannDL, Le GuennoB, NabethP, et al. (1999) The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit. J Infect Dis 179 Suppl 1: S76–86.
87. ChristensenPE, SchmidtH, BangHO, AndersenV, JordalB, et al. (1953) An epidemic of measles in southern Greenland, 1951; measles in virgin soil. II. The epidemic proper. Acta Med Scand 144 : 430–449.
88. ChenRT, GoldbaumGM, WassilakSG, MarkowitzLE, OrensteinWA (1989) An explosive point-source measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. Modes of transmission and risk factors for disease. Am J Epidemiol 129 : 173–182.
89. GaniR, LeachS (2004) Epidemiologic determinants for modeling pneumonic plague outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 10 : 608–614.
90. TiehTH, LandauerE, et al. (1948) Primary pneumonic plague in Mukden, 1946, and report of 39 cases with three recoveries. J Infect Dis 82 : 52–58.
91. BauchCT, Lloyd-SmithJO, CoffeeMP, GalvaniAP (2005) Dynamically modeling SARS and other newly emerging respiratory illnesses: past, present, and future. Epidemiology 16 : 791–801.
92. YuIT, LiY, WongTW, TamW, ChanAT, et al. (2004) Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. N Engl J Med 350 : 1731–1739.
93. Kamps BS, Hoffmann C, editors (2005) SARS Reference. 3rd edition. Flying Publisher.
94. VariaM, WilsonS, SarwalS, McGeerA, GournisE, et al. (2003) Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada. CMAJ 169 : 285–292.
95. GaniR, LeachS (2001) Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations. Nature 414 : 748–751.
96. Fenner F (1988) Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization. xvi, 1460 pp.
Štítky
Hygiena a epidemiológia Infekčné lekárstvo Laboratórium
Článek Combined Systems Approaches Reveal Highly Plastic Responses to Antimicrobial Peptide Challenge inČlánek Two Novel Human Cytomegalovirus NK Cell Evasion Functions Target MICA for Lysosomal Degradation
Článok vyšiel v časopisePLOS Pathogens
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
2014 Číslo 5- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
- Očkování proti virové hemoragické horečce Ebola experimentální vakcínou rVSVDG-ZEBOV-GP
- Koronavirus hýbe světem: Víte jak se chránit a jak postupovat v případě podezření?
-
Všetky články tohto čísla
- Surveillance for Emerging Biodiversity Diseases of Wildlife
- The Emerging Role of Urease as a General Microbial Virulence Factor
- PARV4: An Emerging Tetraparvovirus
- Epigenetic Changes Modulate Schistosome Egg Formation and Are a Novel Target for Reducing Transmission of Schistosomiasis
- The Human Adenovirus E4-ORF1 Protein Subverts Discs Large 1 to Mediate Membrane Recruitment and Dysregulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase
- A Multifactorial Role for Malaria in Endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma Pathogenesis
- Structural Basis for the Ubiquitin-Linkage Specificity and deISGylating Activity of SARS-CoV Papain-Like Protease
- Cathepsin-L Can Resist Lysis by Human Serum in
- Epstein-Barr Virus Down-Regulates Tumor Suppressor Expression
- BCA2/Rabring7 Targets HIV-1 Gag for Lysosomal Degradation in a Tetherin-Independent Manner
- The Evolutionarily Conserved Mediator Subunit MDT-15/MED15 Links Protective Innate Immune Responses and Xenobiotic Detoxification
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 4 (SOCS4) Protects against Severe Cytokine Storm and Enhances Viral Clearance during Influenza Infection
- T Cell Inactivation by Poxviral B22 Family Proteins Increases Viral Virulence
- Dynamics of HIV Latency and Reactivation in a Primary CD4+ T Cell Model
- HIV and HCV Activate the Inflammasome in Monocytes and Macrophages via Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors without Induction of Type 1 Interferon
- Virus and Autoantigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Are Key Effectors in a SCID Mouse Model of EBV-Associated Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Envelope Protein Ion Channel Activity Promotes Virus Fitness and Pathogenesis
- Squalene Synthase As a Target for Chagas Disease Therapeutics
- The Contribution of Viral Genotype to Plasma Viral Set-Point in HIV Infection
- Combined Systems Approaches Reveal Highly Plastic Responses to Antimicrobial Peptide Challenge in
- Anthrax Lethal Factor as an Immune Target in Humans and Transgenic Mice and the Impact of HLA Polymorphism on CD4 T Cell Immunity
- Ly49C-Dependent Control of MCMV Infection by NK Cells Is -Regulated by MHC Class I Molecules
- Two Novel Human Cytomegalovirus NK Cell Evasion Functions Target MICA for Lysosomal Degradation
- A Large Family of Antivirulence Regulators Modulates the Effects of Transcriptional Activators in Gram-negative Pathogenic Bacteria
- Broad-Spectrum Anti-biofilm Peptide That Targets a Cellular Stress Response
- Malaria Parasite Infection Compromises Control of Concurrent Systemic Non-typhoidal Infection via IL-10-Mediated Alteration of Myeloid Cell Function
- A Role for in Higher Order Structure and Complement Binding of the Capsule
- Hip1 Modulates Macrophage Responses through Proteolysis of GroEL2
- CD8 T Cells from a Novel T Cell Receptor Transgenic Mouse Induce Liver-Stage Immunity That Can Be Boosted by Blood-Stage Infection in Rodent Malaria
- Phosphorylation of KasB Regulates Virulence and Acid-Fastness in
- HIV-Infected Individuals with Low CD4/CD8 Ratio despite Effective Antiretroviral Therapy Exhibit Altered T Cell Subsets, Heightened CD8+ T Cell Activation, and Increased Risk of Non-AIDS Morbidity and Mortality
- A Novel Mechanism Inducing Genome Instability in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infected Cells
- Structural and Biochemical Characterization Reveals LysGH15 as an Unprecedented “EF-Hand-Like” Calcium-Binding Phage Lysin
- Hepatitis C Virus Cell-Cell Transmission and Resistance to Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents
- Different Modes of Retrovirus Restriction by Human APOBEC3A and APOBEC3G
- TNFα and IFNγ but Not Perforin Are Critical for CD8 T Cell-Mediated Protection against Pulmonary Infection
- Large Scale RNAi Reveals the Requirement of Nuclear Envelope Breakdown for Nuclear Import of Human Papillomaviruses
- The Cytoplasmic Domain of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein H Regulates Syncytia Formation and Skin Pathogenesis
- A New Class of Multimerization Selective Inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase
- Are We There Yet? The Smallpox Research Agenda Using Variola Virus
- High-Efficiency Targeted Editing of Large Viral Genomes by RNA-Guided Nucleases
- Dynamic Functional Modulation of CD4 T Cell Recall Responses Is Dependent on the Inflammatory Environment of the Secondary Stimulus
- Bacterial Superantigens Promote Acute Nasopharyngeal Infection by in a Human MHC Class II-Dependent Manner
- Follicular Helper T Cells Promote Liver Pathology in Mice during Infection
- A Nasal Epithelial Receptor for WTA Governs Adhesion to Epithelial Cells and Modulates Nasal Colonization
- Unexpected Role for IL-17 in Protective Immunity against Hypervirulent HN878 Infection
- Human Cytomegalovirus Fcγ Binding Proteins gp34 and gp68 Antagonize Fcγ Receptors I, II and III
- Expansion of Murine Gammaherpesvirus Latently Infected B Cells Requires T Follicular Help
- Venus Kinase Receptors Control Reproduction in the Platyhelminth Parasite
- Molecular Signatures of Hemagglutinin Stem-Directed Heterosubtypic Human Neutralizing Antibodies against Influenza A Viruses
- The Downregulation of GFI1 by the EZH2-NDY1/KDM2B-JARID2 Axis and by Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Associated Factors Allows the Activation of the HCMV Major IE Promoter and the Transition to Productive Infection
- Inactivation of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase Prevents Optimal Co-catabolism of Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Carbon Substrates in
- New Insights into Rotavirus Entry Machinery: Stabilization of Rotavirus Spike Conformation Is Independent of Trypsin Cleavage
- Prophenoloxidase Activation Is Required for Survival to Microbial Infections in
- SslE Elicits Functional Antibodies That Impair Mucinase Activity and Colonization by Both Intestinal and Extraintestinal Strains
- Timed Action of IL-27 Protects from Immunopathology while Preserving Defense in Influenza
- HIV-1 Envelope gp41 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: Hurdles for Vaccine Development
- The PhoP-Dependent ncRNA Mcr7 Modulates the TAT Secretion System in
- Cellular Superspreaders: An Epidemiological Perspective on HIV Infection inside the Body
- The Inflammasome Pyrin Contributes to Pertussis Toxin-Induced IL-1β Synthesis, Neutrophil Intravascular Crawling and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
- Papillomavirus Genomes Associate with BRD4 to Replicate at Fragile Sites in the Host Genome
- Integrative Functional Genomics of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Identifies Host Dependencies in Complete Viral Replication Cycle
- Co-assembly of Viral Envelope Glycoproteins Regulates Their Polarized Sorting in Neurons
- Targeting Membrane-Bound Viral RNA Synthesis Reveals Potent Inhibition of Diverse Coronaviruses Including the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus
- Dual-Site Phosphorylation of the Control of Virulence Regulator Impacts Group A Streptococcal Global Gene Expression and Pathogenesis
- PLOS Pathogens
- Archív čísel
- Aktuálne číslo
- Informácie o časopise
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle- Venus Kinase Receptors Control Reproduction in the Platyhelminth Parasite
- Dual-Site Phosphorylation of the Control of Virulence Regulator Impacts Group A Streptococcal Global Gene Expression and Pathogenesis
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Envelope Protein Ion Channel Activity Promotes Virus Fitness and Pathogenesis
- High-Efficiency Targeted Editing of Large Viral Genomes by RNA-Guided Nucleases
Prihlásenie#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#Zabudnuté hesloZadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.
- Časopisy