-
Články
- Časopisy
- Kurzy
- Témy
- Kongresy
- Videa
- Podcasty
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Entry into Host Cells Occurs through the Multivesicular Body and Requires ESCRT Regulators
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the cause of a severe, often fatal disease in humans. While it has been demonstrated that CCHFV cell entry depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosis, low pH, and early endosomes, the identity of the endosomes where virus penetrates into cell cytoplasm to initiate genome replication is unknown. Here, we showed that CCHFV was transported through early endosomes to multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We also showed that MVBs were likely the last organelle virus encountered before escaping into the cytoplasm. Our work has identified new cellular factors essential for CCHFV entry and potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention against this pathogen.
Vyšlo v časopise: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Entry into Host Cells Occurs through the Multivesicular Body and Requires ESCRT Regulators. PLoS Pathog 10(9): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004390
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004390Souhrn
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the cause of a severe, often fatal disease in humans. While it has been demonstrated that CCHFV cell entry depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosis, low pH, and early endosomes, the identity of the endosomes where virus penetrates into cell cytoplasm to initiate genome replication is unknown. Here, we showed that CCHFV was transported through early endosomes to multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We also showed that MVBs were likely the last organelle virus encountered before escaping into the cytoplasm. Our work has identified new cellular factors essential for CCHFV entry and potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention against this pathogen.
Zdroje
1. Estrada-PenaA, Ruiz-FonsF, AcevedoP, GortazarC, de la FuenteJ (2013) Factors driving the circulation and possible expansion of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in the western Palearctic. J Appl Microbiol 114 : 278–286.
2. WhitehouseCA (2004) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res 64 : 145–160.
3. ErgonulO (2006) Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis 6 : 203–214.
4. VorouR, PierroutsakosIN, MaltezouHC (2007) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20 : 495–500.
5. Schmaljohn CS, Nichol S T. (2007) Bunyaviridae. In: Knipe DM, Howley P M., editor. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1741–1789.
6. SanchezAJ, VincentMJ, NicholST (2002) Characterization of the glycoproteins of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Virol 76 : 7263–7275.
7. SanchezAJ, VincentMJ, EricksonBR, NicholST (2006) Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoprotein precursor is cleaved by Furin-like and SKI-1 proteases to generate a novel 38-kilodalton glycoprotein. J Virol 80 : 514–525.
8. BergeronE, VincentMJ, NicholST (2007) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoprotein processing by the endoprotease SKI-1/S1P is critical for virus infectivity. J Virol 81 : 13271–13276.
9. EricksonBR, DeydeV, SanchezAJ, VincentMJ, NicholST (2007) N-linked glycosylation of Gn (but not Gc) is important for Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoprotein localization and transport. Virology 361 : 348–355.
10. BenteDA, ForresterNL, WattsDM, McAuleyAJ, WhitehouseCA, et al. (2013) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antiviral Res 100 : 159–189.
11. Bertolotti-CiarletA, SmithJ, StreckerK, ParagasJ, AltamuraLA, et al. (2005) Cellular localization and antigenic characterization of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoproteins. J Virol 79 : 6152–6161.
12. XiaoX, FengY, ZhuZ, DimitrovDS (2011) Identification of a putative Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus entry factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 411 : 253–258.
13. GarrisonAR, RadoshitzkySR, KotaKP, PegoraroG, RuthelG, et al. (2013) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus utilizes a clathrin - and early endosome-dependent entry pathway. Virology 444 : 45–54.
14. SimonM, JohanssonC, MirazimiA (2009) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus entry and replication is clathrin-, pH - and cholesterol-dependent. J Gen Virol 90 : 210–215.
15. FlickR, FlickK, FeldmannH, ElghF (2003) Reverse genetics for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Virol 77 : 5997–6006.
16. DumasJJ, MerithewE, SudharshanE, RajamaniD, HayesS, et al. (2001) Multivalent endosome targeting by homodimeric EEA1. Mol Cell 8 : 947–958.
17. BucciC, PartonRG, MatherIH, StunnenbergH, SimonsK, et al. (1992) The small GTPase rab5 functions as a regulatory factor in the early endocytic pathway. Cell 70 : 715–728.
18. LiG, StahlPD (1993) Structure-function relationship of the small GTPase rab5. J Biol Chem 268 : 24475–24480.
19. StenmarkH, PartonRG, Steele-MortimerO, LutckeA, GruenbergJ, et al. (1994) Inhibition of rab5 GTPase activity stimulates membrane fusion in endocytosis. EMBO J 13 : 1287–1296.
20. HirotaY, KuronitaT, FujitaH, TanakaY (2007) A role for Rab5 activity in the biogenesis of endosomal and lysosomal compartments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 364 : 40–47.
21. RosenfeldJL, MooreRH, ZimmerKP, Alpizar-FosterE, DaiW, et al. (2001) Lysosome proteins are redistributed during expression of a GTP-hydrolysis-defective rab5a. J Cell Sci 114 : 4499–4508.
22. LozachPY, ManciniR, BittoD, MeierR, OestereichL, et al. (2010) Entry of bunyaviruses into mammalian cells. Cell Host Microbe 7 : 488–499.
23. WoodmanPG, FutterCE (2008) Multivesicular bodies: co-ordinated progression to maturity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20 : 408–414.
24. GruenbergJ, StenmarkH (2004) The biogenesis of multivesicular endosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5 : 317–323.
25. PasqualG, RojekJM, MasinM, ChattonJY, KunzS (2011) Old world arenaviruses enter the host cell via the multivesicular body and depend on the endosomal sorting complex required for transport. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002232.
26. KhorR, McElroyLJ, WhittakerGR (2003) The ubiquitin-vacuolar protein sorting system is selectively required during entry of influenza virus into host cells. Traffic 4 : 857–868.
27. Le BlancI, LuyetPP, PonsV, FergusonC, EmansN, et al. (2005) Endosome-to-cytosol transport of viral nucleocapsids. Nat Cell Biol 7 : 653–664.
28. LuyetPP, FalguieresT, PonsV, PattnaikAK, GruenbergJ (2008) The ESCRT-I subunit TSG101 controls endosome-to-cytosol release of viral RNA. Traffic 9 : 2279–2290.
29. KobayashiT, VischerUM, RosnobletC, LebrandC, LindsayM, et al. (2000) The tetraspanin CD63/lamp3 cycles between endocytic and secretory compartments in human endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 11 : 1829–1843.
30. MetzelaarMJ, WijngaardPL, PetersPJ, SixmaJJ, NieuwenhuisHK, et al. (1991) CD63 antigen. A novel lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, cloned by a screening procedure for intracellular antigens in eukaryotic cells. J Biol Chem 266 : 3239–3245.
31. SadoulR (2006) Do Alix and ALG-2 really control endosomes for better or for worse? Biol Cell 98 : 69–77.
32. VanlandinghamPA, CeresaBP (2009) Rab7 regulates late endocytic trafficking downstream of multivesicular body biogenesis and cargo sequestration. J Biol Chem 284 : 12110–12124.
33. VonderheitA, HeleniusA (2005) Rab7 associates with early endosomes to mediate sorting and transport of Semliki forest virus to late endosomes. PLoS Biol 3: e233.
34. ZerialM, McBrideH (2001) Rab proteins as membrane organizers. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2 : 107–117.
35. FengY, PressB, Wandinger-NessA (1995) Rab 7: an important regulator of late endocytic membrane traffic. J Cell Biol 131 : 1435–1452.
36. BuchholzUJ, FinkeS, ConzelmannKK (1999) Generation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) from cDNA: BRSV NS2 is not essential for virus replication in tissue culture, and the human RSV leader region acts as a functional BRSV genome promoter. J Virol 73 : 251–259.
37. BowmanEJ, SiebersA, AltendorfK (1988) Bafilomycins: a class of inhibitors of membrane ATPases from microorganisms, animal cells, and plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 : 7972–7976.
38. FretzM, JinJ, ConibereR, PenningNA, Al-TaeiS, et al. (2006) Effects of Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitors on subcellular localisation of endocytic organelles and intracellular dynamics of protein transduction domains HIV-TAT peptide and octaarginine. J Control Release 116 : 247–254.
39. AkaikeN, HarataN (1994) Nystatin perforated patch recording and its applications to analyses of intracellular mechanisms. Jpn J Physiol 44 : 433–473.
40. MaciaE, EhrlichM, MassolR, BoucrotE, BrunnerC, et al. (2006) Dynasore, a cell-permeable inhibitor of dynamin. Dev Cell 10 : 839–850.
41. WangLH, RothbergKG, AndersonRG (1993) Mis-assembly of clathrin lattices on endosomes reveals a regulatory switch for coated pit formation. J Cell Biol 123 : 1107–1117.
42. Fernandez-BorjaM, WubboltsR, CalafatJ, JanssenH, DivechaN, et al. (1999) Multivesicular body morphogenesis requires phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase activity. Curr Biol 9 : 55–58.
43. FutterCE, CollinsonLM, BackerJM, HopkinsCR (2001) Human VPS34 is required for internal vesicle formation within multivesicular endosomes. J Cell Biol 155 : 1251–1264.
44. VlahosCJ, MatterWF, HuiKY, BrownRF (1994) A specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002). J Biol Chem 269 : 5241–5248.
45. FaderCM, ColomboMI (2009) Autophagy and multivesicular bodies: two closely related partners. Cell Death Differ 16 : 70–78.
46. BishopN, WoodmanP (2000) ATPase-defective mammalian VPS4 localizes to aberrant endosomes and impairs cholesterol trafficking. Mol Biol Cell 11 : 227–239.
47. LiscumL, FaustJR (1989) The intracellular transport of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is inhibited in Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured with 3-beta-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one. J Biol Chem 264 : 11796–11806.
48. BeattyWL (2008) Late endocytic multivesicular bodies intersect the chlamydial inclusion in the absence of CD63. Infect Immun 76 : 2872–2881.
49. HigginsME, DaviesJP, ChenFW, IoannouYA (1999) Niemann-Pick C1 is a late endosome-resident protein that transiently associates with lysosomes and the trans-Golgi network. Mol Genet Metab 68 : 1–13.
50. KobayashiT, BeuchatMH, LindsayM, FriasS, PalmiterRD, et al. (1999) Late endosomal membranes rich in lysobisphosphatidic acid regulate cholesterol transport. Nat Cell Biol 1 : 113–118.
51. SimonM, JohanssonC, LundkvistA, MirazimiA (2009) Microtubule-dependent and microtubule-independent steps in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus replication cycle. Virology 385 : 313–322.
52. SokolJ, Blanchette-MackieJ, KruthHS, DwyerNK, AmendeLM, et al. (1988) Type C Niemann-Pick disease. Lysosomal accumulation and defective intracellular mobilization of low density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Biol Chem 263 : 3411–3417.
53. CaretteJE, RaabenM, WongAC, HerbertAS, ObernostererG, et al. (2011) Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1. Nature 477 : 340–343.
54. CoteM, MisasiJ, RenT, BruchezA, LeeK, et al. (2011) Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann-Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection. Nature 477 : 344–348.
55. JaeLT, RaabenM, HerbertAS, KuehneAI, WirchnianskiAS, et al. (2014) Virus entry. Lassa virus entry requires a trigger-induced receptor switch. Science 344 : 1506–1510.
56. TrowbridgeIS, CollawnJF, HopkinsCR (1993) Signal-dependent membrane protein trafficking in the endocytic pathway. Annu Rev Cell Biol 9 : 129–161.
57. MellmanI (1996) Endocytosis and molecular sorting. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12 : 575–625.
58. MellmanI, WarrenG (2000) The road taken: past and future foundations of membrane traffic. Cell 100 : 99–112.
59. LakadamyaliM, RustMJ, ZhuangX (2006) Ligands for clathrin-mediated endocytosis are differentially sorted into distinct populations of early endosomes. Cell 124 : 997–1009.
60. PearseBM, SmithCJ, OwenDJ (2000) Clathrin coat construction in endocytosis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 10 : 220–228.
61. WasanoK, HirakawaY (1994) Lamellar bodies of rat alveolar type 2 cells have late endosomal marker proteins on their limiting membranes. Histochemistry 102 : 329–335.
62. CalafatJ, NijenhuisM, JanssenH, TulpA, DusseljeeS, et al. (1994) Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules induce the formation of endocytic MIIC-like structures. J Cell Biol 126 : 967–977.
63. FinziA, BrunetA, XiaoY, ThibodeauJ, CohenEA (2006) Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules promote human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly and budding to late endosomal/multivesicular body compartments. J Virol 80 : 9789–9797.
64. HutagalungAH, NovickPJ (2011) Role of Rab GTPases in membrane traffic and cell physiology. Physiol Rev 91 : 119–149.
65. StenmarkH (2009) Rab GTPases as coordinators of vesicle traffic. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10 : 513–525.
66. GaullierJM, SimonsenA, D'ArrigoA, BremnesB, StenmarkH, et al. (1998) FYVE fingers bind PtdIns(3)P. Nature 394 : 432–433.
67. GilloolyDJ, MorrowIC, LindsayM, GouldR, BryantNJ, et al. (2000) Localization of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in yeast and mammalian cells. EMBO J 19 : 4577–4588.
68. BacheKG, BrechA, MehlumA, StenmarkH (2003) Hrs regulates multivesicular body formation via ESCRT recruitment to endosomes. J Cell Biol 162 : 435–442.
69. CantleyLC (2002) The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science 296 : 1655–1657.
70. FrumanDA, RommelC (2014) PI3K and cancer: lessons, challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 13 : 140–156.
71. XuH, LiX, LiuD, LiJ, ZhangX, et al. (2013) Follicular T-helper cell recruitment governed by bystander B cells and ICOS-driven motility. Nature 496 : 523–527.
72. National Institutes of Health (NIH). ClinicalTrials.gov. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01297491. Accessed February 19, 2014.
73. OginoM, EbiharaH, LeeBH, ArakiK, LundkvistA, et al. (2003) Use of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes bearing hantaan or seoul virus envelope proteins in a rapid and safe neutralization test. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10 : 154–160.
74. HigaMM, PetersenJ, HooperJ, DomsRW (2012) Efficient production of Hantaan and Puumala pseudovirions for viral tropism and neutralization studies. Virology 423 : 134–142.
75. BrownKS, SafronetzD, MarziA, EbiharaH, FeldmannH (2011) Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine protects hamsters against lethal challenge with Andes virus. J Virol 85 : 12781–12791.
76. de BoerSM, KortekaasJ, de HaanCA, RottierPJ, MoormannRJ, et al. (2012) Heparan sulfate facilitates Rift Valley fever virus entry into the cell. J Virol 86 : 13767–13771.
77. HollidgeBS, NedelskyNB, SalzanoMV, FraserJW, Gonzalez-ScaranoF, et al. (2012) Orthobunyavirus entry into neurons and other mammalian cells occurs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and requires trafficking into early endosomes. J Virol 86 : 7988–8001.
78. PobjeckyN, SmithJ, Gonzalez-ScaranoF (1986) Biological studies of the fusion function of California serogroup Bunyaviruses. Microb Pathog 1 : 491–501.
79. JinM, ParkJ, LeeS, ParkB, ShinJ, et al. (2002) Hantaan virus enters cells by clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. Virology 294 : 60–69.
80. SantosRI, RodriguesAH, SilvaML, MortaraRA, RossiMA, et al. (2008) Oropouche virus entry into HeLa cells involves clathrin and requires endosomal acidification. Virus Res 138 : 139–143.
81. HofmannH, LiX, ZhangX, LiuW, KuhlA, et al. (2013) Severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus glycoproteins are targeted by neutralizing antibodies and can use DC-SIGN as a receptor for pH-dependent entry into human and animal cell lines. J Virol 87 : 4384–4394.
82. KobasaD, RodgersME, WellsK, KawaokaY (1997) Neuraminidase hemadsorption activity, conserved in avian influenza A viruses, does not influence viral replication in ducks. J Virol 71 : 6706–6713.
83. NiwaH, YamamuraK, MiyazakiJ (1991) Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector. Gene 108 : 193–199.
84. MuhlbergerE, WeikM, VolchkovVE, KlenkHD, BeckerS (1999) Comparison of the transcription and replication strategies of marburg virus and Ebola virus by using artificial replication systems. J Virol 73 : 2333–2342.
85. SaeedMF, KolokoltsovAA, DaveyRA (2006) Novel, rapid assay for measuring entry of diverse enveloped viruses, including HIV and rabies. J Virol Methods 135 : 143–150.
86. DaveyRA, ZuoY, CunninghamJM (1999) Identification of a receptor-binding pocket on the envelope protein of friend murine leukemia virus. J Virol 73 : 3758–3763.
87. KolokoltsovAA, DenigerD, FlemingEH, RobertsNJJr, KarpilowJM, et al. (2007) Small interfering RNA profiling reveals key role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and early endosome formation for infection by respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol 81 : 7786–7800.
88. KolokoltsovAA, FlemingEH, DaveyRA (2006) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus entry mechanism requires late endosome formation and resists cell membrane cholesterol depletion. Virology 347 : 333–342.
89. MillerME, AdhikaryS, KolokoltsovAA, DaveyRA (2012) Ebolavirus requires acid sphingomyelinase activity and plasma membrane sphingomyelin for infection. J Virol 86 : 7473–7483.
90. KolokoltsovAA, AdhikaryS, GarverJ, JohnsonL, DaveyRA, et al. (2012) Inhibition of Lassa virus and Ebola virus infection in host cells treated with the kinase inhibitors genistein and tyrphostin. Arch Virol 157 : 121–127.
Štítky
Hygiena a epidemiológia Infekčné lekárstvo Laboratórium
Článek Out-of-Sequence Signal 3 as a Mechanism for Virus-Induced Immune Suppression of CD8 T Cell ResponsesČlánek RNF26 Temporally Regulates Virus-Triggered Type I Interferon Induction by Two Distinct MechanismsČlánek Mouse, but Not Human, ApoB-100 Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is a Potent Innate Inhibitor of Pneumolysin
Článok vyšiel v časopisePLOS Pathogens
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
2014 Číslo 9- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
- Očkování proti virové hemoragické horečce Ebola experimentální vakcínou rVSVDG-ZEBOV-GP
- Koronavirus hýbe světem: Víte jak se chránit a jak postupovat v případě podezření?
-
Všetky články tohto čísla
- Virus Control Goes Epigenetic
- The Role of Iron in Prion Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
- The Ins and Outs of Rust Haustoria
- Prion Strains and Amyloid Polymorphism Influence Phenotypic Variation
- Teaching Fido New ModiFICation Tricks
- Can Enhance Infection in Mosquitoes: Implications for Malaria Control?
- MIF Contributes to Associated Immunopathogenicity Development
- Persistence of Virus Reservoirs in ART-Treated SHIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques after Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Infection in NADPH Oxidase Deficiency: Defective Mycobacterial Sequestration and Granuloma Formation
- EhCoactosin Stabilizes Actin Filaments in the Protist Parasite
- Molecular Insights Into the Evolutionary Pathway of O1 Atypical El Tor Variants
- LprG-Mediated Surface Expression of Lipoarabinomannan Is Essential for Virulence of
- Structural Correlates of Rotavirus Cell Entry
- Multivalent Adhesion Molecule 7 Clusters Act as Signaling Platform for Host Cellular GTPase Activation and Facilitate Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction
- The Effects of Vaccination and Immunity on Bacterial Infection Dynamics
- Myeloid Derived Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1-alpha Is Required for Protection against Pulmonary Infection
- Functional Characterisation of Germinant Receptors in and Presents Novel Insights into Spore Germination Systems
- Global Analysis of Neutrophil Responses to Reveals a Self-Propagating Inflammatory Program
- Host Cell Invasion by Apicomplexan Parasites: The Junction Conundrum
- Comparative Phenotypic Analysis of the Major Fungal Pathogens and
- Unravelling the Multiple Functions of the Architecturally Intricate β-galactosidase, BgaA
- Sialylation of Prion Protein Controls the Rate of Prion Amplification, the Cross-Species Barrier, the Ratio of PrP Glycoform and Prion Infectivity
- Symbionts Commonly Provide Broad Spectrum Resistance to Viruses in Insects: A Comparative Analysis of Strains
- Ontogeny of Recognition Specificity and Functionality for the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10
- Identification and Characterisation of a Hyper-Variable Apoplastic Effector Gene Family of the Potato Cyst Nematodes
- Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Entry into Host Cells Occurs through the Multivesicular Body and Requires ESCRT Regulators
- Age-Dependent Enterocyte Invasion and Microcolony Formation by
- CD160-Associated CD8 T-Cell Functional Impairment Is Independent of PD-1 Expression
- Functional Fluorescent Protein Insertions in Herpes Simplex Virus gB Report on gB Conformation before and after Execution of Membrane Fusion
- The Tudor Domain Protein Spindlin1 Is Involved in Intrinsic Antiviral Defense against Incoming Hepatitis B Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
- Transgenic Analysis of the MAP Kinase MPK10 Reveals an Auto-inhibitory Mechanism Crucial for Stage-Regulated Activity and Parasite Viability
- Evidence for a Transketolase-Mediated Metabolic Checkpoint Governing Biotrophic Growth in Rice Cells by the Blast Fungus
- Incomplete Deletion of IL-4Rα by LysM Reveals Distinct Subsets of M2 Macrophages Controlling Inflammation and Fibrosis in Chronic Schistosomiasis
- Identification and Functional Expression of a Glutamate- and Avermectin-Gated Chloride Channel from , a Southern Hemisphere Sea Louse Affecting Farmed Fish
- Out-of-Sequence Signal 3 as a Mechanism for Virus-Induced Immune Suppression of CD8 T Cell Responses
- Strong Epistatic Selection on the RNA Secondary Structure of HIV
- Hematopoietic but Not Endothelial Cell MyD88 Contributes to Host Defense during Gram-negative Pneumonia Derived Sepsis
- Delineation of Interfaces on Human Alpha-Defensins Critical for Human Adenovirus and Human Papillomavirus Inhibition
- Exploitation of Reporter Strains to Probe the Impact of Vaccination at Sites of Infection
- RNF26 Temporally Regulates Virus-Triggered Type I Interferon Induction by Two Distinct Mechanisms
- Helminth Infections Coincident with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Inhibit Mono- and Multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T Cell Responses in a Process Dependent on IL-10
- MHC Class II Restricted Innate-Like Double Negative T Cells Contribute to Optimal Primary and Secondary Immunity to
- Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate Caspase-11 Expression and Activation of the Non-canonical NLRP3 Inflammasome during Enteric Pathogen Infection
- Evolution of Plastic Transmission Strategies in Avian Malaria
- A New Human 3D-Liver Model Unravels the Role of Galectins in Liver Infection by the Parasite
- Translocates into the Myocardium and Forms Unique Microlesions That Disrupt Cardiac Function
- Mouse, but Not Human, ApoB-100 Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is a Potent Innate Inhibitor of Pneumolysin
- The Cofilin Phosphatase Slingshot Homolog 1 (SSH1) Links NOD1 Signaling to Actin Remodeling
- Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus MicroRNAs Induce Metabolic Transformation of Infected Cells
- Reorganization of the Endosomal System in -Infected Cells: The Ultrastructure of -Induced Tubular Compartments
- Distinct Dictation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation and Lethality via Triggering TLR3 and TLR4 Signal Pathways
- Exploitation of the Complement System by Oncogenic Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus for Cell Survival and Persistent Infection
- The Secreted Peptide PIP1 Amplifies Immunity through Receptor-Like Kinase 7
- Structural Insight into Host Recognition by Aggregative Adherence Fimbriae of Enteroaggregative
- The CD14CD16 Inflammatory Monocyte Subset Displays Increased Mitochondrial Activity and Effector Function During Acute Malaria
- Infection Induces Expression of a Mosquito Salivary Protein (Agaphelin) That Targets Neutrophil Function and Inhibits Thrombosis without Impairing Hemostasis
- PLOS Pathogens
- Archív čísel
- Aktuálne číslo
- Informácie o časopise
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle- The Secreted Peptide PIP1 Amplifies Immunity through Receptor-Like Kinase 7
- Symbionts Commonly Provide Broad Spectrum Resistance to Viruses in Insects: A Comparative Analysis of Strains
- MIF Contributes to Associated Immunopathogenicity Development
- The Ins and Outs of Rust Haustoria
Prihlásenie#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#Zabudnuté hesloZadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.
- Časopisy