-
Články
- Časopisy
- Kurzy
- Témy
- Kongresy
- Videa
- Podcasty
Binding of Multiple Rap1 Proteins Stimulates Chromosome Breakage Induction during DNA Replication
Telomere length is maintained primarily through equilibrium between telomerase-mediated lengthening and the loss of telomeric sequence through the end-replication problem. In budding yeast Rap1 protein binds to telomeric TG repeat and negatively regulates telomerase recruitment in a dosage-dependent manner. In this paper we provide evidence suggesting an alternative Rap1-dependent telomere shortening mechanism in which binding of multiple Rap1 proteins mediates DNA break induction during DNA replication. This process does not involve recombination events; therefore, it is distinct from loop-mediated telomere trimming.
Vyšlo v časopise: Binding of Multiple Rap1 Proteins Stimulates Chromosome Breakage Induction during DNA Replication. PLoS Genet 11(8): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005283
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005283Souhrn
Telomere length is maintained primarily through equilibrium between telomerase-mediated lengthening and the loss of telomeric sequence through the end-replication problem. In budding yeast Rap1 protein binds to telomeric TG repeat and negatively regulates telomerase recruitment in a dosage-dependent manner. In this paper we provide evidence suggesting an alternative Rap1-dependent telomere shortening mechanism in which binding of multiple Rap1 proteins mediates DNA break induction during DNA replication. This process does not involve recombination events; therefore, it is distinct from loop-mediated telomere trimming.
Zdroje
1. Smogorzewska A, de Lange T (2004) Regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 73 : 177–208. 15189140
2. Wellinger RJ, Zakian VA (2012) Everything you ever wanted to know about Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres: beginning to end. Genetics 191 : 1073–1105. doi: 10.1534/genetics.111.137851 22879408
3. de Lange T (2005) Shelterin: the protein complex that shapes and safeguards human telomeres. Genes Dev 19 : 2100–2110. 16166375
4. Nandakumar J, Cech TR (2013) Finding the end: recruitment of telomerase to telomeres. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14 : 69–82. doi: 10.1038/nrm3505 23299958
5. Soudet J, Jolivet P, Teixeira MT (2014) Elucidation of the DNA end-replication problem in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell 53 : 954–964. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.02.030 24656131
6. Lundblad V, Szostak JW (1989) A mutant with a defect in telomere elongation leads to senescence in yeast. Cell 57 : 633–643. 2655926
7. Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW (1990) Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345 : 458–460. 2342578
8. Huffman KE, Levene SD, Tesmer VM, Shay JW, Wright WE (2000) Telomere shortening is proportional to the size of the G-rich telomeric 3'-overhang. J Biol Chem 275 : 19719–19722. 10787419
9. Marcand S, Brevet V, Gilson E (1999) Progressive cis-inhibition of telomerase upon telomere elongation. EMBO J 18 : 3509–3519. 10369690
10. Li B, Lustig AJ (1996) A novel mechanism for telomere size control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev 10 : 1310–1326. 8647430
11. Wang RC, Smogorzewska A, de Lange T (2004) Homologous recombination generates T-loop-sized deletions at human telomeres. Cell 119 : 355–368. 15507207
12. Pickett HA, Cesare AJ, Johnston RL, Neumann AA, Reddel RR (2009) Control of telomere length by a trimming mechanism that involves generation of t-circles. EMBO J 28 : 799–809. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.42 19214183
13. Pickett HA, Henson JD, Au AY, Neumann AA, Reddel RR (2011) Normal mammalian cells negatively regulate telomere length by telomere trimming. Hum Mol Genet 20 : 4684–4692. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr402 21903669
14. Lin JJ, Zakian VA (1996) The Saccharomyces CDC13 protein is a single-strand TG1-3 telomeric DNA-binding protein in vitro that affects telomere behavior in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 : 13760–13765. 8943008
15. Nugent CI, Hughes TR, Lue NF, Lundblad V (1996) Cdc13p: a single-strand telomeric DNA-binding protein with a dual role in yeast telomere maintenance. Science 274 : 249–252. 8824190
16. Grandin N, Damon C, Charbonneau M (2001) Ten1 functions in telomere end protection and length regulation in association with Stn1 and Cdc13. Embo J 20 : 1173–1183. 11230140
17. Shore D (1994) RAP1: a protean regulator in yeast. Trends Genet 10 : 408–412. 7809947
18. Lieb JD, Liu X, Botstein D, Brown PO (2001) Promoter-specific binding of Rap1 revealed by genome-wide maps of protein-DNA association. Nat Genet 28 : 327–334. 11455386
19. Muller T, Gilson E, Schmidt R, Giraldo R, Sogo J, et al. (1994) Imaging the asymmetrical DNA bend induced by repressor activator protein 1 with scanning tunneling microscopy. J Struct Biol 113 : 1–12. 7880649
20. Moretti P, Freeman K, Coodly L, Shore D (1994) Evidence that a complex of SIR proteins interacts with the silencer and telomere-binding protein RAP1. Genes Dev 8 : 2257–2269. 7958893
21. Conrad MN, Wright JH, Wolf AJ, Zakian VA (1990) RAP1 protein interacts with yeast telomeres in vivo: overproduction alters telomere structure and decreases chromosome stability. Cell 63 : 739–750. 2225074
22. Lustig AJ, Kurtz S, Shore D (1990) Involvement of the silencer and UAS binding protein RAP1 in regulation of telomere length. Science 250 : 549–553. 2237406
23. Hardy CF, Sussel L, Shore D (1992) A RAP1-interacting protein involved in transcriptional silencing and telomere length regulation. Genes Dev 6 : 801–814. 1577274
24. Wotton D, Shore D (1997) A novel Rap1p-interacting factor, Rif2p, cooperates with Rif1p to regulate telomere length in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev 11 : 748–760. 9087429
25. Marcand S, Gilson E, Shore D (1997) A protein-counting mechanism for telomere length regulation in yeast. Science 275 : 986–990. 9020083
26. Levy DL, Blackburn EH (2004) Counting of Rif1p and Rif2p on Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres regulates telomere length. Mol Cell Biol 24 : 10857–10867. 15572688
27. Symington LS, Gautier J (2011) Double-strand break end resection and repair pathway choice. Annu Rev Genet 45 : 247–271. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132435 21910633
28. Greenwell PW, Kronmal SL, Porter SE, Gassenhuber J, Obermaier B, et al. (1995) TEL1, a gene involved in controlling telomere length in S. cerevisiae, is homologous to the human ataxia telangiectasia gene. Cell 82 : 823–829. 7671310
29. Nakada D, Matsumoto K, Sugimoto K (2003) ATM-related Tel1 associates with double-strand breaks through an Xrs2-dependent mechanism. Genes & Dev 17 : 1957–1962.
30. Bianchi A, Shore D (2007) Increased association of telomerase with short telomeres in yeast. Genes Dev 21 : 1726–1730. 17639079
31. Hector RE, Shtofman RL, Ray A, Chen BR, Nyun T, et al. (2007) Tel1p preferentially associates with short telomeres to stimulate their elongation. Mol Cell 27 : 851–858. 17803948
32. Sabourin M, Tuzon CT, Zakian VA (2007) Telomerase and Tel1p preferentially associate with short telomeres in S. cerevisiae. Mol Cell 27 : 550–561. 17656141
33. Goudsouzian LK, Tuzon CT, Zakian VA (2006) S. cerevisiae Tel1p and Mre11p are required for normal levels of Est1p and Est2p telomere association. Mol Cell 24 : 603–610. 17188035
34. Chang M, Arneric M, Lingner J (2007) Telomerase repeat addition processivity is increased at critically short telomeres in a Tel1-dependent manner in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev 21 : 2485–2494. 17908934
35. Hirano Y, Fukunaga K, Sugimoto K (2009) Rif1 and Rif2 inhibit localization of Tel1 to DNA ends. Mol Cell 33 : 312–322. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.12.027 19217405
36. Negrini S, Ribaud V, Bianchi A, Shore D (2007) DNA breaks are masked by multiple Rap1 binding in yeast: implications for telomere capping and telomerase regulation. Genes Dev 21 : 292–302. 17289918
37. Bochman ML, Paeschke K, Zakian VA (2012) DNA secondary structures: stability and function of G-quadruplex structures. Nat Rev Genet 13 : 770–780. doi: 10.1038/nrg3296 23032257
38. Gottschling DE, Aparicio OM, Billington BL, Zakian VA (1990) Position effect at S. cerevisiae telomeres: reversible repression of Pol II transcription. Cell 63 : 751–762. 2225075
39. Giraldo R, Rhodes D (1994) The yeast telomere-binding protein RAP1 binds to and promotes the formation of DNA quadruplexes in telomeric DNA. EMBO J 13 : 2411–2420. 8194531
40. Diede SJ, Gottschling DE (1999) Telomerase-mediated telomere addition in vivo requires DNA primase and DNA polymerases alpha and delta. Cell 99 : 723–733. 10619426
41. Boeke JD, Trueheart J, Natsoulis G, Fink GR (1987) 5-Fluoroorotic acid as a selective agent in yeast molecular genetics. Methods Enzymol 154 : 164–175. 3323810
42. Branzei D, Foiani M (2010) Maintaining genome stability at the replication fork. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11 : 208–219. doi: 10.1038/nrm2852 20177396
43. Ivessa AS, Zhou JQ, Schulz VP, Monson EK, Zakian VA (2002) Saccharomyces Rrm3p, a 5' to 3' DNA helicase that promotes replication fork progression through telomeric and subtelomeric DNA. Genes Dev 16 : 1383–1396. 12050116
44. Pardo B, Marcand S (2005) Rap1 prevents telomere fusions by nonhomologous end joining. EMBO J 24 : 3117–3127. 16096640
45. Kyrion G, Boakye KA, Lustig AJ (1992) C-terminal truncation of RAP1 results in the deregulation of telomere size, stability, and function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 12 : 5159–5173. 1406688
46. Kirkpatrick DT, Fan Q, Petes TD (1999) Maximal stimulation of meiotic recombination by a yeast transcription factor requires the transcription activation domain and a DNA-binding domain. Genetics 152 : 101–115. 10224246
47. Kikin O, D'Antonio L, Bagga PS (2006) QGRS Mapper: a web-based server for predicting G-quadruplexes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 34: W676–682. 16845096
48. Lewis M (2005) The lac repressor. C R Biol 328 : 521–548. 15950160
49. Konig P, Giraldo R, Chapman L, Rhodes D (1996) The crystal structure of the DNA-binding domain of yeast RAP1 in complex with telomeric DNA. Cell 85 : 125–136. 8620531
50. Falcon CM, Matthews KS (1999) Glycine insertion in the hinge region of lactose repressor protein alters DNA binding. J Biol Chem 274 : 30849–30857. 10521477
51. Dubarry M, Loiodice I, Chen CL, Thermes C, Taddei A (2011) Tight protein-DNA interactions favor gene silencing. Genes Dev 25 : 1365–1370. doi: 10.1101/gad.611011 21724830
52. Leduc F, Faucher D, Bikond Nkoma G, Gregoire MC, Arguin M, et al. (2011) Genome-wide mapping of DNA strand breaks. PLoS One 6: e17353. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017353 21364894
53. Zeman MK, Cimprich KA (2014) Causes and consequences of replication stress. Nat Cell Biol 16 : 2–9. doi: 10.1038/ncb2897 24366029
54. Foss EJ (2001) Tof1p regulates DNA damage responses during S phase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 157 : 567–577. 11156979
55. Osborn AJ, Elledge SJ (2003) Mrc1 is a replication fork component whose phosphorylation in response to DNA replication stress activates Rad53. Genes Dev 17 : 1755–1767. 12865299
56. Katou Y, Kanoh Y, Bando M, Noguchi H, Tanaka H, et al. (2003) S-phase checkpoint proteins Tof1 and Mrc1 form a stable replication-pausing complex. Nature 424 : 1073–1083.
57. Hodgson B, Calzada A, Labib K (2007) Mrc1 and Tof1 regulate DNA replication forks in different ways during normal S phase. Mol Biol Cell 18 : 3894–3902. 17652453
58. Grandin N, Charbonneau M (2007) Mrc1, a non-essential DNA replication protein, is required for telomere end protection following loss of capping by Cdc13, Yku or telomerase. Mol Genet Genomics 277 : 685–699. 17323081
59. Tsolou A, Lydall D (2007) Mrc1 protects uncapped budding yeast telomeres from exonuclease EXO1. DNA Repair (Amst) 6 : 1607–1617.
60. Bairwa NK, Mohanty BK, Stamenova R, Curcio MJ, Bastia D (2011) The intra-S phase checkpoint protein Tof1 collaborates with the helicase Rrm3 and the F-box protein Dia2 to maintain genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 286 : 2445–2454. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.189456 21087929
61. Vaze MB, Pellicioli A, Lee SE, Ira G, Liberi G, et al. (2002) Recovery from checkpoint-mediated arrest after repair of a double-strand break requires Srs2 helicase. Mol Cell 10 : 373–385. 12191482
62. Ray A, Runge KW (1998) The C terminus of the major yeast telomere binding protein Rap1p enhances telomere formation. Mol Cell Biol 18 : 1284–1295. 9488443
63. Hirano Y, Sugimoto K (2007) Cdc13 telomere capping decreases Mec1 association but does not affect Tel1 association with DNA ends. Mol Biol Cell 18 : 2026–2036. 17377065
64. Shore D, Bianchi A (2009) Telomere length regulation: coupling DNA end processing to feedback regulation of telomerase. EMBO J 28 : 2309–2322. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.195 19629031
65. Teixeira MT, Arneric M, Sperisen P, Lingner J (2004) Telomere length homeostasis is achieved via a switch between telomerase - extendible and—nonextendible states. Cell 117 : 323–335. 15109493
66. Makovets S, Herskowitz I, Blackburn EH (2004) Anatomy and dynamics of DNA replication fork movement in yeast telomeric regions. Mol Cell Biol 24 : 4019–4031. 15082794
67. Miller KM, Rog O, Cooper JP (2006) Semi-conservative DNA replication through telomeres requires Taz1. Nature 440 : 824–828. 16598261
68. Sfeir A, Kosiyatrakul ST, Hockemeyer D, MacRae SL, Karlseder J, et al. (2009) Mammalian telomeres resemble fragile sites and require TRF1 for efficient replication. Cell 138 : 90–103. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.021 19596237
69. Labib K, Hodgson B (2007) Replication fork barriers: pausing for a break or stalling for time? EMBO Rep 8 : 346–353. 17401409
70. Marcand S, Pardo B, Gratias A, Cahun S, Callebaut I (2008) Multiple pathways inhibit NHEJ at telomeres. Genes Dev 22 : 1153–1158. doi: 10.1101/gad.455108 18451106
71. Pan J, Sasaki M, Kniewel R, Murakami H, Blitzblau HG, et al. (2011) A hierarchical combination of factors shapes the genome-wide topography of yeast meiotic recombination initiation. Cell 144 : 719–731. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.009 21376234
72. Smith CD, Smith DL, DeRisi JL, Blackburn EH (2003) Telomeric protein distributions and remodeling through the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 14 : 556–570. 12589054
73. Li B, Oestreich S, de Lange T (2000) Identification of human Rap1: implications for telomere evolution. Cell 101 : 471–483. 10850490
74. Kanoh J, Ishikawa F (2001) spRap1 and spRif1, recruited to telomeres by Taz1, are essential for telomere function in fission yeast. Curr Biol 11 : 1624–1630. 11676925
75. Yu EY, Yen WF, Steinberg-Neifach O, Lue NF (2010) Rap1 in Candida albicans: an unusual structural organization and a critical function in suppressing telomere recombination. Mol Cell Biol 30 : 1254–1268. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00986-09 20008550
76. Reid RJ, Lisby M, Rothstein R (2002) Cloning-free genome alterations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using adaptamer-mediated PCR. Methods Enzymol 350 : 258–277. 12073317
77. Kondo T, Wakayama T, Naiki T, Matsumoto K, Sugimoto K (2001) Recruitment of Mec1 and Ddc1 checkpoint proteins to double-strand breaks through distinct mechanisms. Science 5543 : 867–870.
78. Fukunaga K, Hirano Y, Sugimoto K (2012) Subtelomere-binding protein Tbf1 and telomere-binding protein Rap1 collaborate to inhibit localization of the Mre11 complex to DNA ends in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 23 : 347–359. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E11-06-0568 22130795
79. Goldstein AL, McCusker JH (1999) Three new dominant drug resistance cassettes for gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 15 : 1541–1553. 10514571
80. Moqtaderi Z, Bai Y, Poon D, Weil PA, Struhl K (1996) TBP-associated factors are not generally required for transcriptional activation in yeast. Nature 383 : 188–191. 8774887
81. Hall BM, Ma CX, Liang P, Singh KK (2009) Fluctuation analysis CalculatOR: a web tool for the determination of mutation rate using Luria-Delbruck fluctuation analysis. Bioinformatics 25 : 1564–1565. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp253 19369502
82. Raghuraman MK, Winzeler EA, Collingwood D, Hunt S, Wodicka L, et al. (2001) Replication dynamics of the yeast genome. Science 294 : 115–121. 11588253
Štítky
Genetika Reprodukčná medicína
Článek Loss and Gain of Natural Killer Cell Receptor Function in an African Hunter-Gatherer PopulationČlánek Let-7 Represses Carcinogenesis and a Stem Cell Phenotype in the Intestine via Regulation of Hmga2Článek SLIRP Regulates the Rate of Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis and Protects LRPPRC from DegradationČlánek Protein Composition of Infectious Spores Reveals Novel Sexual Development and Germination Factors inČlánek The Formin Diaphanous Regulates Myoblast Fusion through Actin Polymerization and Arp2/3 RegulationČlánek Runx1 Transcription Factor Is Required for Myoblasts Proliferation during Muscle Regeneration
Článok vyšiel v časopisePLOS Genetics
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
2015 Číslo 8- Gynekologové a odborníci na reprodukční medicínu se sejdou na prvním virtuálním summitu
- Je „freeze-all“ pro všechny? Odborníci na fertilitu diskutovali na virtuálním summitu
-
Všetky články tohto čísla
- Putting the Brakes on Huntington Disease in a Mouse Experimental Model
- Identification of Driving Fusion Genes and Genomic Landscape of Medullary Thyroid Cancer
- Evidence for Retromutagenesis as a Mechanism for Adaptive Mutation in
- TSPO, a Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Protein, Controls Ethanol-Related Behaviors in
- Evidence for Lysosome Depletion and Impaired Autophagic Clearance in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Type SPG11
- Loss and Gain of Natural Killer Cell Receptor Function in an African Hunter-Gatherer Population
- Trans-Reactivation: A New Epigenetic Phenomenon Underlying Transcriptional Reactivation of Silenced Genes
- Early Developmental and Evolutionary Origins of Gene Body DNA Methylation Patterns in Mammalian Placentas
- Strong Selective Sweeps on the X Chromosome in the Human-Chimpanzee Ancestor Explain Its Low Divergence
- Dominance of Deleterious Alleles Controls the Response to a Population Bottleneck
- Transient 1a Induction Defines the Wound Epidermis during Zebrafish Fin Regeneration
- Systems Genetics Reveals the Functional Context of PCOS Loci and Identifies Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Disease Heterogeneity
- A Genome Scale Screen for Mutants with Delayed Exit from Mitosis: Ire1-Independent Induction of Autophagy Integrates ER Homeostasis into Mitotic Lifespan
- Non-synonymous FGD3 Variant as Positional Candidate for Disproportional Tall Stature Accounting for a Carcass Weight QTL () and Skeletal Dysplasia in Japanese Black Cattle
- The Relationship between Gene Network Structure and Expression Variation among Individuals and Species
- Calmodulin Methyltransferase Is Required for Growth, Muscle Strength, Somatosensory Development and Brain Function
- The Wnt Frizzled Receptor MOM-5 Regulates the UNC-5 Netrin Receptor through Small GTPase-Dependent Signaling to Determine the Polarity of Migrating Cells
- Nbs1 ChIP-Seq Identifies Off-Target DNA Double-Strand Breaks Induced by AID in Activated Splenic B Cells
- CCNYL1, but Not CCNY, Cooperates with CDK16 to Regulate Spermatogenesis in Mouse
- Evidence for a Common Origin of Blacksmiths and Cultivators in the Ethiopian Ari within the Last 4500 Years: Lessons for Clustering-Based Inference
- Of Fighting Flies, Mice, and Men: Are Some of the Molecular and Neuronal Mechanisms of Aggression Universal in the Animal Kingdom?
- Hypoxia and Temperature Regulated Morphogenesis in
- The Homeodomain Iroquois Proteins Control Cell Cycle Progression and Regulate the Size of Developmental Fields
- Evolution and Design Governing Signal Precision and Amplification in a Bacterial Chemosensory Pathway
- Rac1 Regulates Endometrial Secretory Function to Control Placental Development
- Let-7 Represses Carcinogenesis and a Stem Cell Phenotype in the Intestine via Regulation of Hmga2
- Functions as a Positive Regulator of Growth and Metabolism in
- The Nucleosome Acidic Patch Regulates the H2B K123 Monoubiquitylation Cascade and Transcription Elongation in
- Rhoptry Proteins ROP5 and ROP18 Are Major Murine Virulence Factors in Genetically Divergent South American Strains of
- Exon 7 Contributes to the Stable Localization of Xist RNA on the Inactive X-Chromosome
- Regulates Refractive Error and Myopia Development in Mice and Humans
- mTORC1 Prevents Preosteoblast Differentiation through the Notch Signaling Pathway
- Regulation of Gene Expression Patterns in Mosquito Reproduction
- Molecular Basis of Gene-Gene Interaction: Cyclic Cross-Regulation of Gene Expression and Post-GWAS Gene-Gene Interaction Involved in Atrial Fibrillation
- The Spalt Transcription Factors Generate the Transcriptional Landscape of the Wing Pouch Central Region
- Binding of Multiple Rap1 Proteins Stimulates Chromosome Breakage Induction during DNA Replication
- Functional Divergence in the Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in Smoothened Signaling
- YAP1 Exerts Its Transcriptional Control via TEAD-Mediated Activation of Enhancers
- Coordinated Evolution of Influenza A Surface Proteins
- The Evolutionary Potential of Phenotypic Mutations
- Genome-Wide Association and Trans-ethnic Meta-Analysis for Advanced Diabetic Kidney Disease: Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND)
- New Routes to Phylogeography: A Bayesian Structured Coalescent Approximation
- SLIRP Regulates the Rate of Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis and Protects LRPPRC from Degradation
- Satellite DNA Modulates Gene Expression in the Beetle after Heat Stress
- SHOEBOX Modulates Root Meristem Size in Rice through Dose-Dependent Effects of Gibberellins on Cell Elongation and Proliferation
- Reduced Crossover Interference and Increased ZMM-Independent Recombination in the Absence of Tel1/ATM
- Suppression of Somatic Expansion Delays the Onset of Pathophysiology in a Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease
- Protein Composition of Infectious Spores Reveals Novel Sexual Development and Germination Factors in
- The Evolutionarily Conserved LIM Homeodomain Protein LIM-4/LHX6 Specifies the Terminal Identity of a Cholinergic and Peptidergic . Sensory/Inter/Motor Neuron-Type
- SmD1 Modulates the miRNA Pathway Independently of Its Pre-mRNA Splicing Function
- piRNAs Are Associated with Diverse Transgenerational Effects on Gene and Transposon Expression in a Hybrid Dysgenic Syndrome of .
- Retinoic Acid Signaling Regulates Differential Expression of the Tandemly-Duplicated Long Wavelength-Sensitive Cone Opsin Genes in Zebrafish
- The Formin Diaphanous Regulates Myoblast Fusion through Actin Polymerization and Arp2/3 Regulation
- Genome-Wide Analysis of PAPS1-Dependent Polyadenylation Identifies Novel Roles for Functionally Specialized Poly(A) Polymerases in
- Runx1 Transcription Factor Is Required for Myoblasts Proliferation during Muscle Regeneration
- Regulation of Mutagenic DNA Polymerase V Activation in Space and Time
- Variability of Gene Expression Identifies Transcriptional Regulators of Early Human Embryonic Development
- The Drosophila Gene Interacts Genetically with and Shows Female-Specific Effects of Divergence
- Functional Activation of the Flagellar Type III Secretion Export Apparatus
- Retrohoming of a Mobile Group II Intron in Human Cells Suggests How Eukaryotes Limit Group II Intron Proliferation
- PLOS Genetics
- Archív čísel
- Aktuálne číslo
- Informácie o časopise
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle- Exon 7 Contributes to the Stable Localization of Xist RNA on the Inactive X-Chromosome
- YAP1 Exerts Its Transcriptional Control via TEAD-Mediated Activation of Enhancers
- SmD1 Modulates the miRNA Pathway Independently of Its Pre-mRNA Splicing Function
- Molecular Basis of Gene-Gene Interaction: Cyclic Cross-Regulation of Gene Expression and Post-GWAS Gene-Gene Interaction Involved in Atrial Fibrillation
Prihlásenie#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#Zabudnuté hesloZadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.
- Časopisy