A Relay Network of Extracellular Heme-Binding Proteins Drives Iron Acquisition from Hemoglobin

English version České info

Candida albicans, a commensal fungus of human mucosal surfaces in healthy individuals, is a common cause of superficial infections, as well as of life-threatening systemic infections in individuals suffering from a reduced immune function. As a systemic pathogen, it has to cope with a scarcity of specific nutrients in the host environment, chief among them iron. To overcome this iron limitation, C. albicans is able to extract iron from heme and hemoglobin, the largest iron pools in the human body, via a pathway that involves endocytosis into the cell. Here we show that efficient heme uptake relies on a family of extracellularly-anchored proteins that serve as heme receptors, two of which, at least, are required for efficient heme utilization. Our data suggest the existence of a relay system that transfers heme from one protein to the next across the cell envelope, explaining the requirement for multiple heme receptors for efficient heme-iron utilization. This study extends our understanding of the pathway of host heme utilization by fungal pathogens, and provides new insights into the question of how nutrients such as heme cross the fungal cell wall.

Vyšlo v časopise: A Relay Network of Extracellular Heme-Binding Proteins Drives Iron Acquisition from Hemoglobin. PLoS Pathog 10(10): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004407
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004407

Souhrn

Zdroje

1. Richardson MD, Warnock DW (1997) Fungal infection -⁠ diagnosis and management. Oxford: Blackwell Sciences Ltd.

2. WeinbergED (1975) Nutritional immunity. Host's attempt to withold iron from microbial invaders. Jama 231 : 39–41.

3. CassatJE, SkaarEP (2013) Iron in infection and immunity. Cell Host Microbe 13 : 509–519.

4. AlmeidaRS, WilsonD, HubeB (2009) Candida albicans iron acquisition within the host. FEMS Yeast Res 9 : 1000–1012.

5. KornitzerD (2009) Fungal mechanisms for host iron acquisition. Curr Opin Microbiol 12 : 377–383.

6. RamananN, WangY (2000) A high-affinity iron permease essential for Candida albicans virulence. Science 288 : 1062–1064.

7. EckR, HundtS, HartlA, RoemerE, KunkelW (1999) A multicopper oxidase gene from Candida albicans: cloning, characterization and disruption. Microbiology 145 : 2415–2422.

8. WeissmanZ, ShemerR, KornitzerD (2002) Deletion of the copper transporter CaCCC2 reveals two distinct pathways for iron acquisition in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 44 : 1551–1560.

9. YuanDS, StearmanR, DancisA, DunnT, BeelerT, et al. (1995) The Menkes/Wilson disease gene homologue in yeast provides copper to a ceruloplasmin-like oxidase required for iron uptake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 : 2632–2636.

10. HeymannP, GeradsM, SchallerM, DromerF, WinkelmannG, et al. (2002) The siderophore iron transporter of Candida albicans (Sit1p/Arn1p) mediates uptake of ferrichrome-type siderophores and is required for epithelial invasion. Infect Immun 70 : 5246–5255.

11. HuCJ, BaiC, ZhengXD, WangYM, WangY (2002) Characterization and functional analysis of the siderophore-iron transporter CaArn1p in Candida albicans. J Biol Chem 277 : 30598–30605.

12. AlmeidaRS, BrunkeS, AlbrechtA, ThewesS, LaueM, et al. (2008) the hyphal-associated adhesin and invasin Als3 of Candida albicans mediates iron acquisition from host ferritin. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000217.

13. DohertyCP (2007) Host-pathogen interactions: the role of iron. J Nutr 137 : 1341–1344.

14. WeissmanZ, KornitzerD (2004) A family of Candida cell surface haem-binding proteins involved in haemin and haemoglobin-iron utilization. Mol Microbiol 53 : 1209–1220.

15. KulkarniRD, KelkarHS, DeanRA (2003) An eight-cysteine-containing CFEM domain unique to a group of fungal membrane proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 28 : 118–121.

16. PendrakML, ChaoMP, YanSS, RobertsDD (2004) Heme oxygenase in Candida albicans is regulated by hemoglobin and is necessary for metabolism of exogenous heme and hemoglobin to alpha-biliverdin. J Biol Chem 279 : 3426–3433.

17. SantosR, BuissonN, KnightS, DancisA, CamadroJM, et al. (2003) Haemin uptake and use as an iron source by Candida albicans: role of CaHMX1-encoded haem oxygenase. Microbiology 149 : 579–588.

18. WeissmanZ, ShemerR, ConibearE, KornitzerD (2008) An endocytic mechanism for haemoglobin-iron acquisition in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 69 : 201–217.

19. MannsJM, MosserDM, BuckleyHR (1994) Production of a hemolytic factor by Candida albicans. Infect Immun 62 : 5154–5156.

20. BraunBR, HeadWS, WangMX, JohnsonAD (2000) Identification and characterization of TUP1-regulated genes in Candida albicans. Genetics 156 : 31–44.

21. KapteynJC, HoyerLL, HechtJE, MullerWH, AndelA, et al. (2000) The cell wall architecture of Candida albicans wild-type cells and cell wall-defective mutants. Molecular microbiology 35 : 601–611.

22. De NobelJG, BarnettJA (1991) Passage of molecules through yeast cell walls: a brief essay-review. Yeast 7 : 313–323.

23. de GrootPW, de BoerAD, CunninghamJ, DekkerHL, de JongL, et al. (2004) Proteomic analysis of Candida albicans cell walls reveals covalently bound carbohydrate-active enzymes and adhesins. Eukaryot Cell 3 : 955–965.

24. SorgoAG, BrulS, de KosterCG, de KoningLJ, KlisFM (2013) Iron restriction-induced adaptations in the wall proteome of Candida albicans. Microbiology 159 : 1673–1682.

25. ChenC, PandeK, FrenchSD, TuchBB, NobleSM (2011) An iron homeostasis regulatory circuit with reciprocal roles in Candida albicans commensalism and pathogenesis. Cell host & microbe 10 : 118–135.

26. De GrootPW, HellingwerfKJ, KlisFM (2003) Genome-wide identification of fungal GPI proteins. Yeast 20 : 781–796.

27. OrleanP (2012) Architecture and biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Genetics 192 : 775–818.

28. LiT, BonkovskyHL, GuoJT (2011) Structural analysis of heme proteins: implications for design and prediction. BMC Struct Biol 11 : 13.

29. de VilliersKA, KaschulaCH, EganTJ, MarquesHM (2007) Speciation and structure of ferriprotoporphyrin IX in aqueous solution: spectroscopic and diffusion measurements demonstrate dimerization, but not mu-oxo dimer formation. J Biol Inorg Chem 12 : 101–117.

30. BertiniI, TuranoP, VilaAJ (1993) Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance of Paramagnetic Metalloproteins. Chemical Reviews 93 : 2833–2932.

31. Caillet-SaguyC, PiccioliM, TuranoP, Lukat-RodgersG, WolffN, et al. (2012) Role of the iron axial ligands of heme carrier HasA in heme uptake and release. J Biol Chem 287 : 26932–26943.

32. LeutzingerY, BeychokS (1981) Kinetics and mechanism of heme-induced refolding of human alpha-globin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78 : 780–784.

33. CopeJE (1980) The porosity of the cell wall of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 119 : 253–255.

34. De NobelJG, KlisFM, MunnikT, PriemJ, van den EndeH (1990) An assay of relative cell wall porosity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast 6 : 483–490.

35. EneIV, AdyaAK, WehmeierS, BrandAC, MacCallumDM, et al. (2012) Host carbon sources modulate cell wall architecture, drug resistance and virulence in a fungal pathogen. Cell Microbiol 14 : 1319–1335.

36. de NobelJG, KlisFM, PriemJ, MunnikT, van den EndeH (1990) The glucanase-soluble mannoproteins limit cell wall porosity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 6 : 491–499.

37. KlisFM, de KosterCG, BrulS (2014) Cell wall-related bionumbers and bioestimates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 13 : 2–9.

38. BailaoEF, ParenteJA, PigossoLL, CastroKP, FonsecaFL, et al. (2014) Hemoglobin Uptake by Paracoccidioides spp. Is Receptor-Mediated. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2856.

39. DingC, VidanesGM, MaguireSL, GuidaA, SynnottJM, et al. (2011) Conserved and divergent roles of Bcr1 and CFEM proteins in Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans. PloS one 6: e28151.

40. CadieuxB, LianT, HuG, WangJ, BiondoC, et al. (2013) The Mannoprotein Cig1 supports iron acquisition from heme and virulence in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. J Infect Dis 207 : 1339–1347.

41. MochonAB, JinY, KayalaMA, WingardJR, ClancyCJ, et al. (2010) Serological profiling of a Candida albicans protein microarray reveals permanent host-pathogen interplay and stage-specific responses during candidemia. PLoS pathogens 6: e1000827.

42. Okamoto-ShibayamaK, KikuchiY, KokubuE, SatoY, IshiharaK (2014) Csa2, a member of the Rbt5 protein family, is involved in the utilization of iron from human hemoglobin during Candida albicans hyphal growth. FEMS Yeast Res 14 : 674–677.

43. SorgoAG, HeilmannCJ, DekkerHL, BrulS, de KosterCG, et al. (2010) Mass spectrometric analysis of the secretome of Candida albicans. Yeast 27 : 661–672.

44. PerezA, PedrosB, MurguiA, CasanovaM, Lopez-RibotJL, et al. (2006) Biofilm formation by Candida albicans mutants for genes coding fungal proteins exhibiting the eight-cysteine-containing CFEM domain. FEMS Yeast Res 6 : 1074–1084.

45. MariniAM, Soussi-BoudekouS, VissersS, AndreB (1997) A family of ammonium transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 17 : 4282–4293.

46. PhilpottCC (2006) Iron uptake in fungi: a system for every source. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763 : 636–645.

47. VakninY, ShadkchanY, LevdanskyE, MorozovM, RomanoJ, et al. (2014) The three Aspergillus fumigatus CFEM-domain GPI-anchored proteins (CfmA-C) affect cell-wall stability but do not play a role in fungal virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 63 : 55–64.

48. SrivastavaVK, SuneethaKJ, KaurR (2014) A systematic analysis reveals an essential role for high-affinity iron uptake system, hemolysin and CFEM domain-containing protein in iron homeostasis and virulence in Candida glabrata. Biochem J doi: 10.1042/BJ20140598

49. MoukadiriI, ArmeroJ, AbadA, SentandreuR, ZuecoJ (1997) Identification of a mannoprotein present in the inner layer of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 179 : 2154–2162.

50. PerezA, RamageG, BlanesR, MurguiA, CasanovaM, et al. (2011) Some biological features of Candida albicans mutants for genes coding fungal proteins containing the CFEM domain. FEMS Yeast Res 11 : 273–284.

51. WestAR, OatesPS (2008) Mechanisms of heme iron absorption: current questions and controversies. World J Gastroenterol 14 : 4101–4110.

52. PandeK, ChenC, NobleSM (2013) Passage through the mammalian gut triggers a phenotypic switch that promotes Candida albicans commensalism. Nat Genet 45 : 1088–1091.

53. PfallerMA, DiekemaDJ (2007) Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 20 : 133–163.

54. BodanszkyM, KlausnerYS, SaidSI (1973) Biological activities of synthetic peptides corresponding to fragments of and to the entire sequence of the vasoactive intestinal peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 70 : 382–384.

55. Atir-LandeA, GildorT, KornitzerD (2005) Role for the SCF(CDC4) ubiquitin ligase in Candida albicans morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 16 : 2772–2785.

56. FengQ, SummersE, GuoB, FinkG (1999) Ras signaling is required for serum-induced hyphal differentiation in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol 181 : 6339–6346.

57. FonziWA, IrwinMY (1993) Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics 134 : 717–728.

58. BrandA, MacCallumDM, BrownAJ, GowNA, OddsFC (2004) Ectopic expression of URA3 can influence the virulence phenotypes and proteome of Candida albicans but can be overcome by targeted reintegration of URA3 at the RPS10 locus. Eukaryotic cell 3 : 900–909.

59. LayJ, HenryLK, CliffordJ, KoltinY, BulawaCE, et al. (1998) Altered expression of selectable marker URA3 in gene-disrupted Candida albicans strains complicates interpretation of virulence studies. Infection and immunity 66 : 5301–5306.

60. KornitzerD (2002) Monitoring protein degradation. Methods Enzymol 351 : 639–647.

61. WeinsteinJD, BealeSI (1983) Separate physiological roles and subcellular compartments for two tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathways in Euglena gracilis. J Biol Chem 258 : 6799–6807.

62. ChaffinWL (2008) Candida albicans cell wall proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 72 : 495–544.

63. GowNA, van de VeerdonkFL, BrownAJ, NeteaMG (2012) Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: discriminating invasion from colonization. Nat Rev Microbiol 10 : 112–122.

64. KatohK, KumaK, TohH, MiyataT (2005) MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. Nucleic Acids Res 33 : 511–518.