#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Saiga horn user characteristics, motivations, and purchasing behaviour in Singapore


Autoři: Hunter Doughty aff001;  Diogo Veríssimo aff001;  Regina Chun Qi Tan aff003;  Janice Ser Huay Lee aff004;  L Roman Carrasco aff005;  Kathryn Oliver aff006;  E. J. Milner-Gulland aff001
Působiště autorů: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom aff001;  Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo, Escondido, United States of America aff002;  Singapore, Singapore aff003;  Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, Singapore aff004;  Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore aff005;  Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom aff006
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222038

Souhrn

Unsustainable wildlife trade is a pervasive issue affecting wildlife globally. To address this issue, a plethora of demand reduction efforts have been carried out. These necessitate consumer research which provides crucial knowledge for designing and evaluating targeted interventions. We implemented a rigorous consumer survey on saiga (Saiga tatarica) horn use in Singapore, where usage is legal and widely sold. Saiga are Critically Endangered antelopes from Central Asia with horns (often marketed as ling yang) used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Few past studies have assessed saiga horn consumers. This work is the most extensive consumer research to date specifically characterising saiga horn consumers and usage. We conducted 2294 in-person surveys on saiga horn use with Chinese Singaporeans, employing neutral questioning approaches. We found 19% of individuals reported saiga horn as a product they choose most often for themselves and/or others when treating fever and/or heatiness (a TCM state of illness), indicating a minimum estimate of high-frequency usage, not including possible low-frequency users. Overall saiga users were most characterised as middle-aged Buddhists and Taoists. However, saiga users were found in a range of demographic groups. Women preferred saiga shavings (the more traditional form), while men preferred saiga cooling water (the more modern form). About 53% of individuals who used saiga horn themselves also bought it for someone else. Buyers for others were most likely to be female middle-aged Buddhists or Taoists. Key motivating reasons for usage were “it works” and “someone recommended it to me.” The top two reported recommenders were family and TCM shopkeepers. Saiga users were more likely than non-saiga users to perceive saiga as a common species in the wild. This research holds significance for interventions targeting saiga horn consumption within Singapore and throughout Asia, by identifying potential target audiences, product types, non-desirable alternatives, and motivations for use.

Klíčová slova:

Biology and life sciences – Organisms – Eukaryota – Engineering and technology – Research and analysis methods – Animals – Social sciences – Sociology – People and places – Population groupings – Geographical locations – Medicine and health sciences – Pathology and laboratory medicine – Animal types – Zoology – Diagnostic medicine – Signs and symptoms – Research design – Religious faiths – Survey research – Surveys – Fevers – Asia – Wildlife – Anthropology – Cultural anthropology – Religion – Singapore – Buddhism – Complementary and alternative medicine – Traditional medicine – Traditional Chinese medicine – Manufacturing processes – Heat treatment


Zdroje

1. ‘t Sas-Rolfes M, Challender D, Hinsley A, Veríssimo D, Milner-Gulland EJ. Illegal Wildlife Trade: Patterns, Processes, and Governance. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2019. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033253

2. Challender D, MacMillan D. Poaching is more than an Enforcement Problem. Conservation Letters. 2014. 7: 484–494.

3. Rosen G, Smith K. Summarizing the evidence on the international trade in illegal wildlife. EcoHealth. 2010. 7(1), 24–32. doi: 10.1007/s10393-010-0317-y 20524140

4. Haenlein C, Smith M. Poaching, wildlife trafficking and security in Africa: myths and realities. Whitehall Papers: National Security Studies, Global Security Issues, Organised Crime, Illicit Trade, Africa. The Royal United Services Institute. 2016. London, UK.

5. Schneider J. Reducing the illicit trade in endangered wildlife: the market reduction approach. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 2008. 24(3): 274–295.

6. Zhang L, Hua N, Sun S. Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest China. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2008. 17(6) doi: 10.1007/s10531-008-9358-8

7. Veríssimo D, Wan A. Characterizing efforts to reduce consumer demand for wildlife products. Conservation Biology. 2019. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13227 30259569

8. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2008. 337(a1655) doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1655 18824488

9. Hopwood T, Merritt R. Big pocket guide to using social marketing for behavior change. Page 102. National Social Marketing Centre. 2011. Available from www.thensmc.com/sites/default/files/Big_pocket_guide_2011.pdf (accessed March 2019).

10. Greenfield S, Veríssimo D. To what extent is social marketing used in demand reduction campaigns for illegal wildlife products? Insights from elephant ivory and rhino horn. Social Marketing Quarterly. 2018. 25(1) doi: 10.1177/1524500418813543

11. Olmedo A, Sharif V, Milner-Gulland EJ. Evaluating the design of behavior change interventions: A case study of rhino horn in Vietnam. Conservation Letters. 2017. 11(1) doi: 10.1111/conl.12365

12. Roberton S. Has demand for rhino horn truly dropped in Vietnam? National Geographic Blog. 2014. Available from http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2014/11/03/has-demand-for-rhino-horn-truly-dropped-in-vietnam/ (accessed March 2019).

13. St. John F, Keane A, Jones J, Milner-Gulland EJ. FORUM: Robust study design is as important on the social as it is on the ecological side of applied ecological research. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2014. 51(6) doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12352

14. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. Saiga tatarica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T19832A50194357. 2018. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T19832A50194357.en (accessed January 2019).

15. Milner-Gulland EJ, Kholodova M, Bekenov A, Bukreeva O, Grachev I, Amgalan L, Lushchekina A. Dramatic declines in saiga antelope populations. Oryx. 2001. 35(4) doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00202.x

16. Kühl A, Balinova N, Bykova E, Arylov Y, Esipov A, Lushchekina A, et al. The role of saiga poaching in rural communities: Linkages between attitudes, socio-economic circumstances and behavior. Biological Conservation. 2009. 142(7): 1442–1449.

17. Kock R, Orynbayev M, Robinson S, Zuther S, Singh N, Beauvais W, et al. Saigas on the brink: Multidisciplinary analysis of the factors influencing mass mortality events. Science Advances. 2018. 4(1) doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aao2314 29376120

18. von Meibom S, Vaisman A, Horing N, Ng J, Hongfa X. Saiga antelope trade: global threats with a focus on southeast Asia. A TRAFFIC Europe Report. 2010. TRAFFIC, Brussels, Belgium.

19. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use of the Saiga Antelope. Bonn. 2005. Available from https://www.cms.int/en/species/saiga-tatarica (accessed March 2019).

20. CITES Seventieth meeting of the Standing Committee. Saiga antelope (Saiga spp.): Report of the Secretariat. Rosa Khutor, Sochi (Russian Federation), 1–5 October 2018. Available from https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/70/E-SC70-58.pdf (accessed April 2019).

21. Theng M, Glikman J, Milner-Gulland EJ. Exploring saiga horn consumption in Singapore. Oryx. 2018. 52(4): 736–743.

22. Rittersmith A. Contextualising Chinese medicine in Singapore microcosm and macrocosm. JASO‐Online, N.S. 2009. 1(1).

23. URA. Urban Redevelopment Authority’s Master Plan 2014. 2014. Available from https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Introduction (accessed April 2019).

24. Lim M, Sadarangani P, Chan H, Heng J. Complementary and alternative medicine use in multiracial Singapore. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2005. 13(1) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2004.11.002.

25. Moorhouse T, D’Cruze N, Macdonald D. Are Chinese nationals’ attitudes to wildlife tourist attractions different from those of other nationalities? Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2019. 27(1) doi: 10.1080/09669582.2018.1533019

26. Brooks E, Roberton S, Bell D. The conservation impact of commercial wildlife farming of porcupines in Vietnam. Biological Conservation. 2010. 143(11) doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.028

27. Frost J. Nonparametric Tests vs. Parametric Tests. Statistics by Jim Blog. 2017. Available from https://statisticsbyjim.com/hypothesis-testing/nonparametric-parametric-tests/ (accessed July 2019).

28. Bartón K. MuMIn: Multi-model inference. R package version 1.15.6. CRAN R-Project. 2016. Available from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MuMIn/MuMIn.pdf (accessed March 2018).

29. Tan J, Freathy P. Consumer decision making and store patronage behavior in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) halls in Singapore. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 2011. 18(4)

30. Loh C. Use of traditional Chinese medicine in Singapore children: perceptions of parents and paediatricians. Singapore Medical Journal. 2009. 50(12): 1162–1168. 20087553

31. Xia Y, Teo Chai Ying W, Ahmed Z, Wan Li T, Kuan Hwa N, Ghingold M. Spousal influence in Singaporean family purchase decision‐making process: A cross‐cultural comparison. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. 2006. 18(3) doi: 10.1108/13555850610675661

32. Kaptchuk T. Chinese Medicine: The Web That Has No Weaver (Revised Ed.). London: Random House. 2000.

33. Fox J. An R and S-Plus companion to applied regression. Thousand Oaks/London: Sage Publications. 2002.

34. Dutton A, Hepburn C, Macdonald D. A stated preference investigation into the Chinese demand for farmed vs. wild bear bile. Plos One. 2011. 6:21243.

35. Lam J. Estimating the extent of illegal traditional Chinese medicine trade in Guangzhou, China using occupancy modelling. Master of Science Thesis: Imperial College London. 2012.

36. Kim D, Hwong A, Stafford D, Hughes D, O'Malley A, Fowler J, Christakis N. Social network targeting to maximise population behaviour change: a cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2015. 386(9989) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60095-2.

37. Taher A, Hegazy I, Stuart E. The pharmacist's role in the Egyptian pharmaceutical market. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing. 2012. 6(2) doi: 10.1108/17506121211243068

38. Kabilsingh C. Early Buddhist Views on Nature. This sacred earth: Religion, nature, environment. 2004. Routledge Press. 130.

39. Li J, Wang D, Yin H, Zhaxi D, Jiagong Z, Schaller G, et al. Role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation. Conservation Biology. 2014. 28: 87–94.

40. Christy B. First ever Fatwa Issued against Wildlife Trafficking. National Geographic Online. United States of America. 2014. Available from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/3/140304-fatwa-indonesia-wildlife-trafficking-koran-world/ (accessed August 2019).

41. Chang L, Basnyat I, Teo D. Seeking and processing information for health decisions among elderly Chinese Singaporean women. Journal of Women & Aging. 2014. 26(3) doi: 10.1080/08952841.2014.888881 24919105

42. Truong V, Dang N, Hall C. The marketplace management of illegal elixirs: illicit consumption of rhino horn. Consumption Markets & Culture. 2016. 19: 353–369.

43. Health Science Authority. Dangers of Buying Health Products Online. Republic of Singapore. 2018. Available from https://www.hsa.gov.sg/content/hsa/en/Health_Products_Regulation/Consumer_Information/Consumer_Guides/Dangers_of_Buying_Health_Products_Online.html (accessed June 2019).

44. Glanz K, Rimer B, Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. 4th Ed. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. 2008.

45. Trim K, Nagji N, Elit L, Roy K. Parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards human papillomavirus vaccination for their children: A systematic review from 2001 to 2011. Obstetrics and Gynecology International. 2012. 12 doi: 10.1155/2012/921236 21977039

46. Lokker N et al. Parental misinterpretations of over-the-counter pediatric cough and cold medication labels. Pediatrics. 2009. 123(6): 1464. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0854 19482755

47. Cooke L. The importance of exposure for healthy eating in childhood: a review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2007. 20(4) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2007.00804.x 17635306

48. Singh A, Mulder C, Twisk J, Van Mechelen W, Chinapaw M. Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obesity Reviews. 2008. 9(5) doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00475.x 18331423

49. Ryan S, Jorm A, Lubman D. Parenting factors associated with reduced adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2010. 44(9) doi: 10.1080/00048674.2010.501759 20815663

50. Brown T, Todd A, O'Malley C, Moore H, Husband A, Bambra C, et al. Community pharmacy-delivered interventions for public health priorities: a systematic review of interventions for alcohol reduction, smoking cessation and weight management, including meta-analysis for smoking cessation. BMJ Open. 2016. 6(2), doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009828 26928025

51. Singapore Department of Statistics. Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2017. Republic of Singapore. 2017. Available from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/reference/yearbook_2017/yos2017.pdf (accessed March 2019).


Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 9
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Získaná hemofilie - Povědomí o nemoci a její diagnostika
nový kurz

Eozinofilní granulomatóza s polyangiitidou
Autori: doc. MUDr. Martina Doubková, Ph.D.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#