A 21st Century Perspective of Poliovirus Replication

1. Enders J. F., Weller T. H., and Robbins F. C.. 1949. Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues. Science 109:85–87. 17794160

2. Alexander H. E., Koch G., Mountain I. M., and Van Damme O.. 1958. Infectivity of ribonucleic acid from poliovirus in human cell monolayers. J. Exp. Med. 108:493–506. 13575680

3. Holland J. J., M. L. C., and Syverton J. T.. 1959. Mammalian cell-virus relationship. III. Poliovirus production by non-primate cells exposed to poliovirus ribonucleic acid. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 100:843–845. 13645739

4. Baltimore D., and Franklin R. M.. 1962. Preliminary data on a virus-specific enzyme system responsible for the synthesis of viral RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 9:388–392. 13966258

5. Ehrenfeld E., Maizel J. V., and Summers D. F.. 1970. Soluble RNA polymerase complex from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Virology 40:840–846. 4317360

6. Summers D. F., and Maizel J. V.. 1968. Evidence for large precursor proteins in poliovirus synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 59:966–971. 4296044

7. Holland J. J., and Kiehn E. D.. 1968. Specific cleavage of viral proteins as steps in the synthesis and maturation of enteroviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 60:1015–1022. 4299264

8. Jacobson M. F., and Baltimore D.. 1968. Polypeptide cleavages in the formation of poliovirus proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 61:77–84. 4301595

9. Caliguiri L. A., and Tamm I.. 1969. Membranous structures associated with translation and transcription of poliovirus RNA. Science 166:885–886. 4310189

10. Lee Y. F., Nomoto A., Detjen B. M., and Wimmer E.. 1977. A protein covalently linked to poliovirus genome RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:59–63. 189316

11. Nomoto A., Detjen B., Pozzatti R., and Wimmer E.. 1977. The location of the polio genome protein in viral RNAs and its implication for RNA synthesis. Nature 268:208–213. 196204

12. Paul A. V., van Boom J. H., Filippov D., and Wimmer E.. 1998. Protein-primed RNA synthesis by purified poliovirus RNA polymerase. Nature 393:280–284. 9607767

13. Pelletier J., and Sonenberg N.. 1988. Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA. Nature 334:320–325. 2839775

14. Jang S. K., Krausslich H. G., Nicklin M. J., Duke G. M., Palmenberg A. C., and Wimmer E.. 1988. A segment of the 5' nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation. J. Virol. 62:2636–2643. 2839690

15. Fernandez-Munoz R., and Darnell J. E.. 1976. Structural difference between the 5' termini of viral and cellular mRNA in poliovirus-infected cells: possible basis for the inhibition of host protein synthesis. J. Virol. 18:719–726. 178904

16. Ehrenfeld E., and Lund H.. 1977. Untranslated vesicular stomatitis virus messenger RNA after poliovirus infection. Virology 80:297–308. 196392

17. McKnight K. L., and Lemon S. M.. 1998. The rhinovirus type 14 genome contains an internally located RNA structure that is required for viral replication. RNA. 4:1569–1584. 9848654

18. Goodfellow I., Chaudhry Y., Richardson A., Meredith J., Almond J. W., Barclay W., and Evans D. J.. 2000. Identification of a cis-acting replication element within the poliovirus coding region. J. Virol. 74:4590–4600. 10775595

19. Kitamura N., Semler B. L., Rothberg P. G., Larsen G. R., Adler C. J., Dorner A. J., Emini E. A., Hanecak R., Lee J. J., van der Werf S., Anderson C. W., and Wimmer E.. 1981. Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA. Nature 291:547–553. 6264310

20. Racaniello V. R., and Baltimore D.. 1981. Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:4887–4891. 6272282

21. Racaniello V. R., and Baltimore D.. 1981. Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells. Science 214:916–919. 6272391

22. Molla A., Paul A. V., and Wimmer E.. 1991. Cell-free, de novo synthesis of poliovirus. Science 254:1647–1651. 1661029

23. Barton D. J., and Flanegan J. B.. 1993. Coupled translation and replication of poliovirus RNA in vitro: synthesis of functional 3D polymerase and infectious virus. J. Virol. 67:822–831. 8380467

24. Hogle J. M., Chow M., and Filman D. J.. 1985. Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution. Science 229:1358–1365. 2994218

25. Rossmann M. G., Arnold E., Erickson J. W., Frankenberger E. A., Griffith J. P., Hecht H. J., Johnson J. E., Kamer G., Luo M., Mosser A. G., and et al. 1985. Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature 317:145–153. 2993920

26. Mendelsohn C. L., Wimmer E., and Racaniello V. R.. 1989. Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cell 56:855–865. 2538245

27. Ren R. B., Costantini F., Gorgacz E. J., Lee J. J., and Racaniello V. R.. 1990. Transgenic mice expressing a human poliovirus receptor: a new model for poliomyelitis. Cell 63:353–362. 2170026

28. Belov G. A., Evstafieva A. G., Rubtsov Y. P., Mikitas O. V., Vartapetian A. B., and Agol V. I.. 2000. Early alteration of nucleocytoplasmic traffic induced by some RNA viruses. Virology 275:244–248. 10998323

29. Gustin K. E., and Sarnow P.. 2001. Effects of poliovirus infection on nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking and nuclear pore complex composition. EMBO J. 20:240–249. 11226174

30. Fitzgerald K. D., and Semler B. L.. 2011. Re-localization of cellular protein SRp20 during poliovirus infection: bridging a viral IRES to the host cell translation apparatus. PLoS Pathog. 7:e1002127. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002127 21779168

31. Virgen-Slane R., Rozovics J. M., Fitzgerald K. D., Ngo T., Chou W., van der Heden van Noort G. J., Filippov D. V., Gershon P. D., and Semler B. L.. 2012. An RNA virus hijacks an incognito function of a DNA repair enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109:14634–14639. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208096109 22908287

32. Ambros V., Pettersson R. F., and Baltimore D.. 1978. An enzymatic activity in uninfected cells that cleaves the linkage between poliovirion RNA and the 5' terminal protein. Cell 15:1439–1446. 215328

33. Belov G. A., Altan-Bonnet N., Kovtunovych G., Jackson C. L., Lippincott-Schwartz J., and Ehrenfeld E.. 2007. Hijacking components of the cellular secretory pathway for replication of poliovirus RNA. J. Virol. 81:558–567. 17079330

34. Hsu N. Y., Ilnytska O., Belov G., Santiana M., Chen Y. H., Takvorian P. M., Pau C., van der Schaar H., Kaushik-Basu N., Balla T., Cameron C. E., Ehrenfeld E., van Kuppeveld F. J., and Altan-Bonnet N.. 2010. Viral reorganization of the secretory pathway generates distinct organelles for RNA replication. Cell 141:799–811. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.050 20510927

35. Lyle J. M., Bullitt E., Bienz K., and Kirkegaard K.. 2002. Visualization and functional analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lattices. Science 296:2218–2222. 12077417

36. Thompson A. A., and Peersen O. B.. 2004. Structural basis for proteolysis-dependent activation of the poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. EMBO J. 23:3462–3471. 15306852

37. Pfeiffer J. K., and Kirkegaard K.. 2003. A single mutation in poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confers resistance to mutagenic nucleotide analogs via increased fidelity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:7289–7294. 12754380

38. Vignuzzi M., Stone J. K., Arnold J. J., Cameron C. E., and Andino R.. 2006. Quasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral population. Nature 439:344–348. 16327776

39. Orenstein W. A. 2015. Eradicating polio: how the world's pediatricians can help stop this crippling illness forever. Pediatrics 135:196–202. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3163 25548328