Microbial Egress: A Hitchhiker's Guide to Freedom

1. MiaoEA, LeafIA, TreutingPM, MaoDP, DorsM, et al. (2010) Caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria. Nat Immunol 11 : 1136–1142.

2. KayagakiN, WarmingS, LamkanfiM, Vande WalleL, LouieS, et al. (2011) Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11. Nature 479 : 117–121.

3. SunL, WangH, WangZ, HeS, ChenS, et al. (2012) Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase. Cell 148 : 213–227.

4. MartinCJ, BootyMG, RosebrockTR, Nunes-AlvesC, DesjardinsDM, et al. (2012) Efferocytosis is an innate antibacterial mechanism. Cell Host Microbe 12 : 289–300.

5. RocaFJ, RamakrishnanL (2013) TNF dually mediates resistance and susceptibility to mycobacteria via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Cell 153 : 521–534.

6. NogueiraCV, LindstenT, JamiesonAM, CaseCL, ShinS, et al. (2009) Rapid pathogen-induced apoptosis: a mechanism used by dendritic cells to limit intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000478.

7. SrivastavS, Basu BallW, GuptaP, GiriJ, UkilA, et al. (2014) Leishmania donovani prevents oxidative burst-mediated apoptosis of host macrophages through selective induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. J Biol Chem 289 : 1092–1105.

8. van ZandbergenG, KlingerM, MuellerA, DannenbergS, GebertA, et al. (2004) Cutting edge: neutrophil granulocyte serves as a vector for Leishmania entry into macrophages. J Immunol 173 : 6521–6525.

9. PetersNC, EgenJG, SecundinoN, DebrabantA, KimblinN, et al. (2008) In vivo imaging reveals an essential role for neutrophils in leishmaniasis transmitted by sand flies. Science 321 : 970–974.

10. VollingK, ThywissenA, BrakhageAA, SaluzHP (2011) Phagocytosis of melanized Aspergillus conidia by macrophages exerts cytoprotective effects by sustained PI3K/Akt signalling. Cell Microbiol 13 : 1130–1148.

11. WasylnkaJA, MooreMM (2002) Uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia by phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells in vitro: quantitation using strains expressing green fluorescent protein. Infect Immun 70 : 3156–3163.

12. StanzaniM, OrciuoloE, LewisR, KontoyiannisDP, MartinsSL, et al. (2005) Aspergillus fumigatus suppresses the human cellular immune response via gliotoxin-mediated apoptosis of monocytes. Blood 105 : 2258–2265.

13. GeisslerA, HaunF, FrankDO, WielandK, SimonMM, et al. (2013) Apoptosis induced by the fungal pathogen gliotoxin requires a triple phosphorylation of Bim by JNK. Cell Death Differ 20 : 1317–1329.

14. TuckerSC, CasadevallA (2002) Replication of Cryptococcus neoformans in macrophages is accompanied by phagosomal permeabilization and accumulation of vesicles containing polysaccharide in the cytoplasm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 : 3165–3170.

15. VillenaSN, PinheiroRO, PinheiroCS, NunesMP, TakiyaCM, et al. (2008) Capsular polysaccharides galactoxylomannan and glucuronoxylomannan from Cryptococcus neoformans induce macrophage apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand. Cell Microbiol 10 : 1274–1285.

16. MonariC, PaganelliF, BistoniF, KozelTR, VecchiarelliA (2008) Capsular polysaccharide induction of apoptosis by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Cell Microbiol 10 : 2129–2137.

17. De JesusM, NicolaAM, FrasesS, LeeIR, MiesesS, et al. (2009) Galactoxylomannan-mediated immunological paralysis results from specific B cell depletion in the context of widespread immune system damage. J Immunol 183 : 3885–3894.

18. Ben-AbdallahM, Sturny-LeclereA, AveP, LouiseA, MoyrandF, et al. (2012) Fungal-induced cell cycle impairment, chromosome instability and apoptosis via differential activation of NF-kappaB. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002555.

19. Ibata-OmbettaS, IdziorekT, TrinelPA, PoulainD, JouaultT (2003) Candida albicans phospholipomannan promotes survival of phagocytosed yeasts through modulation of bad phosphorylation and macrophage apoptosis. J Biol Chem 278 : 13086–13093.

20. UwamahoroN, Verma-GaurJ, ShenHH, QuY, LewisR, et al. (2014) The Pathogen Candida albicans Hijacks Pyroptosis for Escape from Macrophages. MBio 5: e00003-14.

21. Reales-CalderonJA, SylvesterM, StrijbisK, JensenON, NombelaC, et al. (2013) Candida albicans induces pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic signals in macrophages as revealed by quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics. J Proteomics 91C: 106–135.

22. LionakisMS, SwamydasM, FischerBG, PlantingaTS, JohnsonMD, et al. (2013) CX3CR1-dependent renal macrophage survival promotes Candida control and host survival. J Clin Invest 123 : 5035–5051.

23. FukumatsuM, OgawaM, ArakawaS, SuzukiM, NakayamaK, et al. (2012) Shigella targets epithelial tricellular junctions and uses a noncanonical clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway to spread between cells. Cell Host Microbe 11 : 325–336.

24. LutterEI, BargerAC, NairV, HackstadtT (2013) Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion membrane protein CT228 recruits elements of the myosin phosphatase pathway to regulate release mechanisms. Cell Rep 3 : 1921–1931.

25. AlvarezM, CasadevallA (2006) Phagosome extrusion and host-cell survival after Cryptococcus neoformans phagocytosis by macrophages. Curr Biol 16 : 2161–2165.

26. JohnstonSA, MayRC (2010) The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans escapes macrophages by a phagosome emptying mechanism that is inhibited by Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerisation. PLoS Pathog 6: e1001041.

27. JohnstonSA, MayRC (2013) Cryptococcus interactions with macrophages: evasion and manipulation of the phagosome by a fungal pathogen. Cell Microbiol 15 : 403–411.

28. NicolaAM, RobertsonEJ, AlbuquerqueP, DerengowskiLdS, CasadevallA (2011) Nonlytic exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans from macrophages occurs in vivo and is influenced by phagosomal pH. MBio 2: e00167-11.

29. BainJM, LewisLE, OkaiB, QuinnJ, GowNA, et al. (2012) Non-lytic expulsion/exocytosis of Candida albicans from macrophages. Fungal Genet Biol 49 : 677–678.

30. SauerJD, PereyreS, ArcherKA, BurkeTP, HansonB, et al. (2011) Listeria monocytogenes engineered to activate the Nlrc4 inflammasome are severely attenuated and are poor inducers of protective immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 : 12419–12424.

31. AachouiY, LeafIA, HagarJA, FontanaMF, CamposCG, et al. (2013) Caspase-11 protects against bacteria that escape the vacuole. Science 339 : 975–978.

32. SenerovicL, TsunodaSP, GoosmannC, BrinkmannV, ZychlinskyA, et al. (2012) Spontaneous formation of IpaB ion channels in host cell membranes reveals how Shigella induces pyroptosis in macrophages. Cell Death Dis 3: e384.

33. CassonCN, CopenhaverAM, ZwackEE, NguyenHT, StrowigT, et al. (2013) Caspase-11 Activation in Response to Bacterial Secretion Systems that Access the Host Cytosol. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003400.

34. RobinsonN, McCombS, MulliganR, DudaniR, KrishnanL, et al. (2012) Type I interferon induces necroptosis in macrophages during infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Nat Immunol 13 : 954–962.

35. WellingtonM, KoselnyK, SutterwalaFS, KrysanDJ (2014) Candida albicans triggers NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in macrophages. Eukaryot Cell 13 : 329–340.

36. LoHJ, KohlerJR, DiDomenicoB, LoebenbergD, CacciapuotiA, et al. (1997) Nonfilamentous C. albicans mutants are avirulent. Cell 90 : 939–949.

37. WellingtonM, KoselnyK, KrysanDJ (2012) Candida albicans Morphogenesis Is Not Required for Macrophage Interleukin 1beta Production. MBio 4: e00433-12.

38. LowmanDW, GreeneRR, BeardenDW, KruppaMD, PottierM, et al. (2013) Novel structural features in Candida albicans hyphal glucan provide a basis for differential innate immune recognition of hyphae versus yeast. J Biol Chem 289 : 3432–3443.

39. KankkunenP, TeirilaL, RintahakaJ, AleniusH, WolffH, et al. (2010) (1,3)-beta-glucans activate both dectin-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages. J Immunol 184 : 6335–6342.

40. GrossO, PoeckH, BscheiderM, DostertC, HannesschlagerN, et al. (2009) Syk kinase signalling couples to the Nlrp3 inflammasome for anti-fungal host defence. Nature 459 : 433–436.

41. Said-SadierN, PadillaE, LangsleyG, OjciusDM (2010) Aspergillus fumigatus stimulates the NLRP3 inflammasome through a pathway requiring ROS production and the Syk tyrosine kinase. PLoS ONE 5: e10008.

42. BrozP, RubyT, BelhocineK, BouleyDM, KayagakiN, et al. (2012) Caspase-11 increases susceptibility to Salmonella infection in the absence of caspase-1. Nature 490 : 288–291.

43. AuerbuchV, BrockstedtDG, Meyer-MorseN, O'RiordanM, PortnoyDA (2004) Mice lacking the type I interferon receptor are resistant to Listeria monocytogenes. J Exp Med 200 : 527–533.

44. O'ConnellRM, SahaSK, VaidyaSA, BruhnKW, MirandaGA, et al. (2004) Type I interferon production enhances susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Exp Med 200 : 437–445.

45. XinL, Vargas-InchausteguiDA, RaimerSS, KellyBC, HuJ, et al. (2010) Type I IFN receptor regulates neutrophil functions and innate immunity to Leishmania parasites. J Immunol 184 : 7047–7056.

46. PetersBM, PalmerGE, FidelPLJr, NoverrMC (2013) Fungal morphogenetic pathways are required for the hallmark inflammatory response during Candida vaginitis. Infect Immun 82 : 532–543.

47. MajerO, BourgeoisC, ZwolanekF, LassnigC, KerjaschkiD, et al. (2012) Type I interferons promote fatal immunopathology by regulating inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils during Candida infections. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002811.