Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome

1. OdegaardJI, ChawlaA (2013) Pleiotropic actions of insulin resistance and inflammation in metabolic homeostasis. Science 339 : 172–177 doi:10.1126/science.1230721

2. Van GuilderGP, HoetzerGL, GreinerJJ, StaufferBL, DesouzaCA (2006) Influence of metabolic syndrome on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14 : 2127–2131 doi:10.1038/oby.2006.248

3. IribarrenC, TolstykhIV, MillerMK, SobelE, EisnerMD (2012) Adult asthma and risk of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure: a prospective study of 2 matched cohorts. Am J Epidemiol 176 : 1014–1024 doi:10.1093/aje/kws181

4. OngKL, WuBJ, CheungBM, BarterPJ, RyeKA (2013) Arthritis: its prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular diseases in the United States, 1999 to 2008. Ann Epidemiol 23 : 80–86 doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.11.008

5. HotA, LeniefV, MiossecP (2012) Combination of IL-17 and TNFalpha induces a pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant and pro-thrombotic phenotype in human endothelial cells. Ann Rheum Dis 71 : 768–776 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200468

6. CipollettaD, FeuererM, LiA, KameiN, LeeJ, et al. (2012) PPAR-gamma is a major driver of the accumulation and phenotype of adipose tissue Treg cells. Nature 486 : 549–553 doi:10.1038/nature11132

7. HerbinO, Ait-OufellaH, YuW, FredriksonGN, AubierB, et al. (2012) Regulatory T-cell response to apolipoprotein B100-derived peptides reduces the development and progression of atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32 : 605–612 doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.242800

8. BelalcazarLM, HaffnerSM, LangW, HoogeveenRC, RushingJ, et al. (2013) Lifestyle intervention and/or statins for the reduction of C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes: From the look AHEAD study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 21 : 944–950 doi:10.1002/oby.20431

9. TabasI, GlassCK (2013) Anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic disease: challenges and opportunities. Science 339 : 166–172 doi:10.1126/science.1230720

10. WiriaAE, DjuardiY, SupaliT, SartonoE, YazdanbakhshM (2012) Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe? Semin Immunopathol 34 : 889–901 doi:10.1007/s00281-012-0358-0

11. AravindhanV, MohanV, SurendarJ, MuralidharaRM, PavankumarN, et al. (2010) Decreased prevalence of lymphatic filariasis among diabetic subjects associated with a diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine response (CURES 83). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e707 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000707

12. ChenY, LuJ, HuangY, WangT, XuY, et al. (2013) Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural china. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: E283–E287 doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2517

13. WiriaAE, WammesLJ, HamidF, DekkersOM, PrasetyaniMA, et al. (2013) Relationship between Carotid Intima Media Thickness and Helminth Infections on Flores Island, Indonesia. PLoS One 8: e54855 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054855

14. SolimanEZ, DingJ, HsuFC, CarrJJ, PolakJF, et al. (2010) Association between carotid intima-media thickness and pericardial fat in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 19 : 58–65 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.03.008

15. MagenE, BychkovV, GinovkerA, KashubaE (2013) Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis -⁠ An autopsy study. Int J Parasitol 43 : 819–824 doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.04.008

16. Ricardo-GonzalezRR, RedEA, OdegaardJI, JouihanH, MorelCR, et al. (2010) IL-4/STAT6 immune axis regulates peripheral nutrient metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 : 22617–22622 doi:10.1073/pnas.1009152108

17. WuD, MolofskyAB, LiangHE, Ricardo-GonzalezRR, JouihanHA, et al. (2011) Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis. Science 332 : 243–247 doi:10.1126/science.1201475

18. LumengCN, BodzinJL, SaltielAR (2007) Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest 117 : 175–184 doi:10.1172/JCI29881

19. StanleyRG, JacksonCL, GriffithsK, DoenhoffMJ (2009) Effects of Schistosoma mansoni worms and eggs on circulating cholesterol and liver lipids in mice. Atherosclerosis 207 : 131–138 doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.037

20. WolfsIM, StogerJL, GoossensP, PottgensC, GijbelsMJ, et al. (2013) Reprogramming macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis. FASEB J 28 : 288–299 doi:10.1096/fj.13-235911

21. BhargavaP, LiC, StanyaKJ, JacobiD, DaiL, et al. (2012) Immunomodulatory glycan LNFPIII alleviates hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance through direct and indirect control of metabolic pathways. Nat Med 18 : 1665–1672 doi:10.1038/nm.2962

22. WangJ, ChengX, XiangMX, Alanne-KinnunenM, WangJA, et al. (2011) IgE stimulates human and mouse arterial cell apoptosis and cytokine expression and promotes atherogenesis in Apoe−/ −⁠ mice. J Clin Invest 121 : 3564–3577 doi:10.1172/JCI46028

23. WangZ, ZhangH, ShenXH, JinKL, YeGF, et al. (2011) Immunoglobulin E and mast cell proteases are potential risk factors of human pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 6: e28962 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028962

24. WangZ, ZhangH, ShenXH, JinKL, YeGF, et al. (2013) Immunoglobulin E and mast cell proteases are potential risk factors of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in humans. Ann Med 45 : 220–229 doi:10.3109/07853890.2012.732234

25. XiongH, DolpadyJ, WablM, Curotto de LafailleMA, LafailleJJ (2012) Sequential class switching is required for the generation of high affinity IgE antibodies. J Exp Med 209 : 353–364 doi:10.1084/jem.20111941

26. DoenhoffMJ, StanleyRG, GriffithsK, JacksonCL (2002) An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol. Parasitology 125 : 415–421 doi:}10.1017}S0031182002002275

27. La FlammeAC, HarvieM, KenwrightD, CameronK, RawlenceN, et al. (2007) Chronic exposure to schistosome eggs reduces serum cholesterol but has no effect on atherosclerotic lesion development. Parasite Immunol 29 : 259–266 doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00942.x

28. YangZ, GrinchukV, SmithA, QinB, BohlJA, et al. (2013) Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity. Infect Immun 81 : 1905–1914 doi:10.1128/IAI.00053-13