Structure Analysis Uncovers a Highly Diverse but Structurally Conserved Effector Family in Phytopathogenic Fungi

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Fungal plant pathogens are of outstanding economic and ecological importance and cause destructive diseases on many cultivated and wild plants. Effector proteins that are secreted during infection to manipulate the host and to promote disease are a key element in fungal virulence. Phytopathogenic fungi possess huge effector repertoires that are dominated by hundreds of sequence-unrelated small secreted proteins. The molecular functions of this most important class of fungal effectors and the evolutionary mechanisms that generate this tremendous numbers of apparently unrelated proteins are largely unknown. By investigating the 3-dimensional structures of effectors from the rice blast fungus M. oryzae, we discovered an effector family comprising structurally conserved but sequence-unrelated effectors from M. oryzae and the phylogenetically distant wheat pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis that we named MAX-effectors (M. oryzae Avrs and ToxB). Structure-informed searches of whole genome sequence databases suggest that MAX-effectors are present at low frequencies and with a patchy phylogenetic distribution in many ascomycete phytopathogens. They underwent strong lineage-specific expansion in fungi of the Pyriculariae family that contains M. oryzae where they seem particularly important during biotrophic plant colonization and account for 50% of the cloned Avr effectors and 5–10% of the effector repertoire. Based on our results on the MAX-effectors and the widely accepted concept that fungal effectors evolve according to a birth-and-death model we propose the hypothesis that the majority of the immense numbers of different ascomycete effectors could in fact belong to a limited set of structurally defined families whose members are phylogenetically related.

Vyšlo v časopise: Structure Analysis Uncovers a Highly Diverse but Structurally Conserved Effector Family in Phytopathogenic Fungi. PLoS Pathog 11(10): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005228
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005228

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