PPARγ and LXR Signaling Inhibit Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Capture and -Infection

1. ShattockRJ

MooreJP

2003 Inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 1 25 34

2. GouwsE

WhitePJ

StoverJ

BrownT

2006 Short term estimates of adult HIV incidence by mode of transmission: Kenya and Thailand as examples. Sex Transm Infect 82 Suppl 3 iii51 55

3. PopeM

HaaseAT

2003 Transmission, acute HIV-1 infection and the quest for strategies to prevent infection. Nat Med 9 847 852

4. MillerCJ

LiQ

AbelK

KimEY

MaZM

2005 Propagation and dissemination of infection after vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 79 9217 9227

5. GeijtenbeekTB

KwonDS

TorensmaR

van VlietSJ

van DuijnhovenGC

2000 DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells. Cell 100 587 597

6. HuJ

GardnerMB

MillerCJ

2000 Simian immunodeficiency virus rapidly penetrates the cervicovaginal mucosa after intravaginal inoculation and infects intraepithelial dendritic cells. J Virol 74 6087 6095

7. FongL

MengozziM

AbbeyNW

HerndierBG

EnglemanEG

2002 Productive infection of plasmacytoid dendritic cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is triggered by CD40 ligation. J Virol 76 11033 11041

8. GuptaP

CollinsKB

RatnerD

WatkinsS

NausGJ

2002 Memory CD4(+) T cells are the earliest detectable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cells in the female genital mucosal tissue during HIV-1 transmission in an organ culture system. J Virol 76 9868 9876

9. JamesonB

BaribaudF

PohlmannS

GhavimiD

MortariF

2002 Expression of DC-SIGN by dendritic cells of intestinal and genital mucosae in humans and rhesus macaques. J Virol 76 1866 1875

10. PudneyJ

QuayleAJ

AndersonDJ

2005 Immunological microenvironments in the human vagina and cervix: mediators of cellular immunity are concentrated in the cervical transformation zone. Biol Reprod 73 1253 1263

11. HladikF

SakchalathornP

BallweberL

LentzG

FialkowM

2007 Initial events in establishing vaginal entry and infection by human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Immunity 26 257 270

12. BomselM

1997 Transcytosis of infectious human immunodeficiency virus across a tight human epithelial cell line barrier. Nat Med 3 42 47

13. BobardtMD

ChatterjiU

SelvarajahS

Van der SchuerenB

DavidG

2007 Cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcytosis through primary genital epithelial cells. J Virol 81 395 405

14. SpiraAI

MarxPA

PattersonBK

MahoneyJ

KoupRA

1996 Cellular targets of infection and route of viral dissemination after an intravaginal inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus into rhesus macaques. J Exp Med 183 215 225

15. HuQ

FrankI

WilliamsV

SantosJJ

WattsP

2004 Blockade of attachment and fusion receptors inhibits HIV-1 infection of human cervical tissue. J Exp Med 199 1065 1075

16. BanchereauJ

SteinmanRM

1998 Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392 245 252

17. SteinmanRM

Granelli-PipernoA

PopeM

TrumpfhellerC

IgnatiusR

2003 The interaction of immunodeficiency viruses with dendritic cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 276 1 30

18. CameronPU

FreudenthalPS

BarkerJM

GezelterS

InabaK

1992 Dendritic cells exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 transmit a vigorous cytopathic infection to CD4+ T cells. Science 257 383 387

19. PopeM

BetjesMG

RomaniN

HirmandH

CameronPU

1994 Conjugates of dendritic cells and memory T lymphocytes from skin facilitate productive infection with HIV-1. Cell 78 389 398

20. KadowakiN

HoS

AntonenkoS

MalefytRW

KasteleinRA

2001 Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens. J Exp Med 194 863 869

21. PoliG

KinterA

JustementJS

KehrlJH

BresslerP

1990 Tumor necrosis factor alpha functions in an autocrine manner in the induction of human immunodeficiency virus expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 782 785

22. PoliG

BresslerP

KinterA

DuhE

TimmerWC

1990 Interleukin 6 induces human immunodeficiency virus expression in infected monocytic cells alone and in synergy with tumor necrosis factor alpha by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. J Exp Med 172 151 158

23. DongC

JanasAM

WangJH

OlsonWJ

WuL

2007 Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in immature and mature dendritic cells reveals dissociable cis- and trans-infection. J Virol 81 11352 11362

24. WangJH

JanasAM

OlsonWJ

WuL

2007 Functionally distinct transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mediated by immature and mature dendritic cells. J Virol 81 8933 8943

25. Izquierdo-UserosN

BlancoJ

ErkiziaI

Fernandez-FiguerasMT

BorrasFE

2007 Maturation of blood-derived dendritic cells enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capture and transmission. J Virol 81 7559 7570

26. HarmanAN

WilkinsonJ

ByeCR

BosnjakL

SternJL

2006 HIV induces maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. J Immunol 177 7103 7113

27. ShiGX

HarrisonK

HanSB

MoratzC

KehrlJH

2004 Toll-like receptor signaling alters the expression of regulator of G protein signaling proteins in dendritic cells: implications for G protein-coupled receptor signaling. J Immunol 172 5175 5184

28. GlassCK

OgawaS

2006 Combinatorial roles of nuclear receptors in inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 6 44 55

29. CastrilloA

TontonozP

2004 Nuclear receptors in macrophage biology: at the crossroads of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 20 455 480

30. JiangC

TingAT

SeedB

1998 PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines. Nature 391 82 86

31. RicoteM

LiAC

WillsonTM

KellyCJ

GlassCK

1998 The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature 391 79 82

32. JosephSB

CastrilloA

LaffitteBA

MangelsdorfDJ

TontonozP

2003 Reciprocal regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors. Nat Med 9 213 219

33. CastrilloA

JosephSB

VaidyaSA

HaberlandM

FogelmanAM

2003 Crosstalk between LXR and toll-like receptor signaling mediates bacterial and viral antagonism of cholesterol metabolism. Mol Cell 12 805 816

34. OgawaS

LozachJ

BennerC

PascualG

TangiralaRK

2005 Molecular determinants of crosstalk between nuclear receptors and toll-like receptors. Cell 122 707 721

35. WalcherD

KummelA

KehrleB

BachH

GrubM

2006 LXR activation reduces proinflammatory cytokine expression in human CD4-positive lymphocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 1022 1028

36. AppelS

MirakajV

BringmannA

WeckMM

GrunebachF

2005 PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit toll-like receptor-mediated activation of dendritic cells via the MAP kinase and NF-kappaB pathways. Blood 106 3888 3894

37. PirainoG

CookJA

O'ConnorM

HakePW

BurroughsTJ

2006 Synergistic effect of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma and liver X receptor-alpha in the regulation of inflammation in macrophages. Shock 26 146 153

38. GhislettiS

HuangW

OgawaS

PascualG

LinME

2007 Parallel SUMOylation-dependent pathways mediate gene- and signal-specific transrepression by LXRs and PPARgamma. Mol Cell 25 57 70

39. ChawlaA

BoisvertWA

LeeCH

LaffitteBA

BarakY

2001 A PPAR gamma-LXR-ABCA1 pathway in macrophages is involved in cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis. Mol Cell 7 161 171

40. AkiyamaTE

SakaiS

LambertG

NicolCJ

MatsusueK

2002 Conditional disruption of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene in mice results in lowered expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and apoE in macrophages and reduced cholesterol efflux. Mol Cell Biol 22 2607 2619

41. VenkateswaranA

LaffitteBA

JosephSB

MakPA

WilpitzDC

2000 Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 12097 12102

42. LiaoZ

CimakaskyLM

HamptonR

NguyenDH

HildrethJE

2001 Lipid rafts and HIV pathogenesis: host membrane cholesterol is required for infection by HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 17 1009 1019

43. GuyaderM

KiyokawaE

AbramiL

TurelliP

TronoD

2002 Role for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 membrane cholesterol in viral internalization. J Virol 76 10356 10364

44. GrahamDR

ChertovaE

HilburnJM

ArthurLO

HildrethJE

2003 Cholesterol depletion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus with beta-cyclodextrin inactivates and permeabilizes the virions: evidence for virion-associated lipid rafts. J Virol 77 8237 8248

45. LiaoZ

GrahamDR

HildrethJE

2003 Lipid rafts and HIV pathogenesis: virion-associated cholesterol is required for fusion and infection of susceptible cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19 675 687

46. PopikW

AlceTM

2004 CD4 receptor localized to non-raft membrane microdomains supports HIV-1 entry. Identification of a novel raft localization marker in CD4. J Biol Chem 279 704 712

47. NguyenDH

HildrethJE

2000 Evidence for budding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selectively from glycolipid-enriched membrane lipid rafts. J Virol 74 3264 3272

48. OnoA

FreedEO

2001 Plasma membrane rafts play a critical role in HIV-1 assembly and release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 13925 13930

49. ManesS

del RealG

LacalleRA

LucasP

Gomez-MoutonC

2000 Membrane raft microdomains mediate lateral assemblies required for HIV-1 infection. EMBO Rep 1 190 196

50. CarterGC

BernstoneL

SanganiD

BeeJW

HarderT

2009 HIV entry in macrophages is dependent on intact lipid rafts. Virology 386 192 202

51. GummuluruS

RogelM

StamatatosL

EmermanM

2003 Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to immature dendritic cells can occur independently of DC-SIGN and mannose binding C-type lectin receptors via a cholesterol-dependent pathway. J Virol 77 12865 12874

52. GossetP

CharbonnierAS

DeleriveP

FontaineJ

StaelsB

2001 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators affect the maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 31 2857 2865

53. StrausDS

GlassCK

2007 Anti-inflammatory actions of PPAR ligands: new insights on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol 28 551 558

54. SallustoF

SchaerliP

LoetscherP

SchanielC

LenigD

1998 Rapid and coordinated switch in chemokine receptor expression during dendritic cell maturation. Eur J Immunol 28 2760 2769

55. BaribaudF

DomsRW

PohlmannS

2002 The role of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR in HIV and Ebola virus infection: can potential therapeutics block virus transmission and dissemination? Expert Opin Ther Targets 6 423 431

56. WileyRD

GummuluruS

2006 Immature dendritic cell-derived exosomes can mediate HIV-1 trans infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 738 743

57. CavroisM

NeidlemanJ

KreisbergJF

GreeneWC

2007 In vitro derived dendritic cells trans-infect CD4 T cells primarily with surface-bound HIV-1 virions. PLoS Pathog 3 e4

58. TurvilleSG

ArthosJ

DonaldKM

LynchG

NaifH

2001 HIV gp120 receptors on human dendritic cells. Blood 98 2482 2488

59. BashirovaAA

GeijtenbeekTB

van DuijnhovenGC

van VlietSJ

EileringJB

2001 A dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-related protein is highly expressed on human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and promotes HIV-1 infection. J Exp Med 193 671 678

60. PohlmannS

SoilleuxEJ

BaribaudF

LeslieGJ

MorrisLS

2001 DC-SIGNR, a DC-SIGN homologue expressed in endothelial cells, binds to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and activates infection in trans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2670 2675

61. NguyenDG

HildrethJE

2003 Involvement of macrophage mannose receptor in the binding and transmission of HIV by macrophages. Eur J Immunol 33 483 493

62. SabadoRL

BabcockE

KavanaghDG

TjomslandV

WalkerBD

2007 Pathways utilized by dendritic cells for binding, uptake, processing and presentation of antigens derived from HIV-1. Eur J Immunol 37 1752 1763

63. PatelM

YanagishitaM

RoderiquezG

Bou-HabibDC

OraveczT

1993 Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan mediates HIV-1 infection of T-cell lines. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 9 167 174

64. SaphireAC

BobardtMD

ZhangZ

DavidG

GallayPA

2001 Syndecans serve as attachment receptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on macrophages. J Virol 75 9187 9200

65. de WitteL

BobardtM

ChatterjiU

DegeestG

DavidG

2007 Syndecan-3 is a dendritic cell-specific attachment receptor for HIV-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 19464 19469

66. BhatS

SpitalnikSL

Gonzalez-ScaranoF

SilberbergDH

1991 Galactosyl ceramide or a derivative is an essential component of the neural receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 7131 7134

67. HammacheD

PieroniG

YahiN

DelezayO

KochN

1998 Specific interaction of HIV-1 and HIV-2 surface envelope glycoproteins with monolayers of galactosylceramide and ganglioside GM3. J Biol Chem 273 7967 7971

68. HugP

LinHM

KorteT

XiaoX

DimitrovDS

2000 Glycosphingolipids promote entry of a broad range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates into cell lines expressing CD4, CXCR4, and/or CCR5. J Virol 74 6377 6385

69. PuriA

HugP

JerniganK

BarchiJ

KimHY

1998 The neutral glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide promotes fusion mediated by a CD4-dependent CXCR4-utilizing HIV type 1 envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 14435 14440

70. NehetePN

VelaEM

HossainMM

SarkarAK

YahiN

2002 A post-CD4-binding step involving interaction of the V3 region of viral gp120 with host cell surface glycosphingolipids is common to entry and infection by diverse HIV-1 strains. Antiviral Res 56 233 251

71. PuigdomenechI

MassanellaM

Izquierdo-UserosN

Ruiz-HernandezR

CurriuM

2008 HIV transfer between CD4 T cells does not require LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 and is governed by the interaction of HIV envelope glycoprotein with CD4. Retrovirology 5 32

72. HatchSC

ArcherJ

GummuluruS

2009 Glycosphingolipid composition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles is a crucial determinant for dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 trans-infection. J Virol 83 3496 3506

73. Izquierdo-UserosN

Naranjo-GomezM

ArcherJ

HatchSC

ErkiziaI

2009 Capture and transfer of HIV-1 particles by mature dendritic cells converges with the exosome-dissemination pathway. Blood 113 2732 2741

74. BavariS

BosioCM

WiegandE

RuthelG

WillAB

2002 Lipid raft microdomains: a gateway for compartmentalized trafficking of Ebola and Marburg viruses. J Exp Med 195 593 602

75. YonezawaA

CavroisM

GreeneWC

2005 Studies of ebola virus glycoprotein-mediated entry and fusion by using pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions: involvement of cytoskeletal proteins and enhancement by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Virol 79 918 926

76. PopikW

AlceTM

AuWC

2002 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 uses lipid raft-colocalized CD4 and chemokine receptors for productive entry into CD4(+) T cells. J Virol 76 4709 4722

77. ChinettiG

LestavelS

BocherV

RemaleyAT

NeveB

2001 PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma activators induce cholesterol removal from human macrophage foam cells through stimulation of the ABCA1 pathway. Nat Med 7 53 58

78. WasserheitJN

1992 Epidemiological synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 19 61 77

79. RoyceRA

SenaA

CatesWJr

CohenMS

1997 Sexual transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med 336 1072 1078

80. FlemingDT

WasserheitJN

1999 From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 75 3 17

81. HesterRA

KennedySB

2003 Candida infection as a risk factor for HIV transmission. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 12 487 494

82. CelumC

LevineR

WeaverM

WaldA

2004 Genital herpes and human immunodeficiency virus: double trouble. Bull World Health Organ 82 447 453

83. GalvinSR

CohenMS

2004 The role of sexually transmitted diseases in HIV transmission. Nat Rev Microbiol 2 33 42

84. HaaseAT

2005 Perils at mucosal front lines for HIV and SIV and their hosts. Nat Rev Immunol 5 783 792

85. WuL

2008 Biology of HIV Mucosal Transmission. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 3 534 540

86. BouschbacherM

BomselM

VerroneseE

GoffloS

GanorY

2008 Early events in HIV transmission through a human reconstructed vaginal mucosa. Aids 22 1257 1266

87. HladikF

McElrathMJ

2008 Setting the stage: host invasion by HIV. Nat Rev Immunol 8 447 457

88. LoreK

SonnerborgA

OlssonJ

PattersonBK

FehnigerTE

1999 HIV-1 exposed dendritic cells show increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production but reduced IL-1ra following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Aids 13 2013 2021

89. EquilsO

SchitoML

KarahashiH

MadakZ

YaraliA

2003 Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR9 signaling results in HIV-long terminal repeat trans-activation and HIV replication in HIV-1 transgenic mouse spleen cells: implications of simultaneous activation of TLRs on HIV replication. J Immunol 170 5159 5164

90. ZhangJ

LiG

BaficaA

PantelicM

ZhangP

2005 Neisseria gonorrhoeae enhances infection of dendritic cells by HIV type 1. J Immunol 174 7995 8002

91. de JongMA

de WitteL

OudhoffMJ

GringhuisSI

GallayP

2008 TNF-alpha and TLR agonists increase susceptibility to HIV-1 transmission by human Langerhans cells ex vivo. J Clin Invest 118 3440 3452

92. ThibaultS

FromentinR

TardifMR

TremblayMJ

2009 TLR2 and TLR4 triggering exerts contrasting effects with regard to HIV-1 infection of human dendritic cells and subsequent virus transfer to CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology 6 42

93. TurvilleSG

SantosJJ

FrankI

CameronPU

WilkinsonJ

2004 Immunodeficiency virus uptake, turnover, and 2-phase transfer in human dendritic cells. Blood 103 2170 2179

94. GarciaE

PionM

Pelchen-MatthewsA

CollinsonL

ArrighiJF

2005 HIV-1 trafficking to the dendritic cell-T-cell infectious synapse uses a pathway of tetraspanin sorting to the immunological synapse. Traffic 6 488 501

95. YuHJ

ReuterMA

McDonaldD

2008 HIV traffics through a specialized, surface-accessible intracellular compartment during trans-infection of T cells by mature dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 4 e1000134

96. ChunTW

EngelD

MizellSB

EhlerLA

FauciAS

1998 Induction of HIV-1 replication in latently infected CD4+ T cells using a combination of cytokines. J Exp Med 188 83 91

97. McGowanI

ElliottJ

FuerstM

TaingP

BoscardinJ

2004 Increased HIV-1 mucosal replication is associated with generalized mucosal cytokine activation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37 1228 1236

98. NarimatsuR

WoldayD

PattersonBK

2005 IL-8 increases transmission of HIV type 1 in cervical explant tissue. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21 228 233

99. CarrenoMP

KrieffC

IrinopoulouT

KazatchkineMD

BelecL

2002 Enhanced transcytosis of R5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus across tight monolayer of polarized human endometrial cells under pro-inflammatory conditions. Cytokine 20 289 294

100. LaneBR

LoreK

BockPJ

AnderssonJ

CoffeyMJ

2001 Interleukin-8 stimulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and is a potential new target for antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 75 8195 8202

101. del RealG

Jimenez-BarandaS

MiraE

LacalleRA

LucasP

2004 Statins inhibit HIV-1 infection by down-regulating Rho activity. J Exp Med 200 541 547

102. LarredeS

QuinnCM

JessupW

FrisdalE

OlivierM

2009 Stimulation of Cholesterol Efflux by LXR Agonists in Cholesterol-Loaded Human Macrophages Is ABCA1-Dependent but ABCG1-Independent. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol

103. GrootF

WelschS

SattentauQJ

2008 Efficient HIV-1 transmission from macrophages to T cells across transient virological synapses. Blood 111 4660 4663

104. GoussetK

AblanSD

CorenLV

OnoA

SoheilianF

2008 Real-time visualization of HIV-1 GAG trafficking in infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog 4 e1000015

105. JollyC

SattentauQJ

2005 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virological synapse formation in T cells requires lipid raft integrity. J Virol 79 12088 12094

106. McDonaldD

WuL

BohksSM

KewalRamaniVN

UnutmazD

2003 Recruitment of HIV and its receptors to dendritic cell-T cell junctions. Science 300 1295 1297

107. RudnickaD

FeldmannJ

PorrotF

WietgrefeS

GuadagniniS

2009 Simultaneous cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to multiple targets through polysynapses. J Virol 83 6234 6246

108. ChenP

HubnerW

SpinelliMA

ChenBK

2007 Predominant mode of human immunodeficiency virus transfer between T cells is mediated by sustained Env-dependent neutralization-resistant virological synapses. J Virol 81 12582 12595

109. MorisA

PajotA

BlanchetF

Guivel-BenhassineF

SalcedoM

2006 Dendritic cells and HIV-specific CD4+ T cells: HIV antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and viral transfer. Blood 108 1643 1651

110. Granelli-PipernoA

ShimeliovichI

PackM

TrumpfhellerC

SteinmanRM

2006 HIV-1 selectively infects a subset of nonmaturing BDCA1-positive dendritic cells in human blood. J Immunol 176 991 998

111. BlauveltA

AsadaH

SavilleMW

Klaus-KovtunV

AltmanDJ

1997 Productive infection of dendritic cells by HIV-1 and their ability to capture virus are mediated through separate pathways. J Clin Invest 100 2043 2053

112. Granelli-PipernoA

DelgadoE

FinkelV

PaxtonW

SteinmanRM

1998 Immature dendritic cells selectively replicate macrophagetropic (M-tropic) human immunodeficiency virus type 1, while mature cells efficiently transmit both M- and T-tropic virus to T cells. J Virol 72 2733 2737

113. SkolnikPR

RabbiMF

MathysJM

GreenbergAS

2002 Stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma blocks HIV-1 replication and TNFalpha production in acutely infected primary blood cells, chronically infected U1 cells, and alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31 1 10

114. HayesMM

LaneBR

KingSR

MarkovitzDM

CoffeyMJ

2002 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists inhibit HIV-1 replication in macrophages by transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects. J Biol Chem 277 16913 16919

115. PotulaR

RamirezSH

KnipeB

LeibhartJ

SchallK

2008 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation suppresses HIV-1 replication in an animal model of encephalitis. Aids 22 1539 1549

116. NguyenDH

TaubD

2002 CXCR4 function requires membrane cholesterol: implications for HIV infection. J Immunol 168 4121 4126