Elevated blood pressure and risk of mitral regurgitation: A longitudinal cohort study of 5.5 million United Kingdom adults

1. Coffey S, Cairns BJ, Iung B. The modern epidemiology of heart valve disease. Heart. 2016;102 : 75–85. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307020 26541169

2. Andell P, Li X, Martinsson A, Andersson C, Stagmo M, Zöller B, et al. Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study. Heart. 2017;0: heartjnl-2016-310894. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310894 28432156

3. Nishimura RA, Vahanian A, Eleid MF, Mack MJ. Mitral valve disease—Current management and future challenges. Lancet. Elsevier; 2016;387 : 1324–1334. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00558-4

4. Iung B, Vahanian A. Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in the adult. Nat Rev Cardiol. Nature; 2011;8 : 162–172. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.202 21263455

5. Rahimi K, Emdin CA, MacMahon S. The epidemiology of blood pressure and its worldwide management. Circ Res. 2015;116 : 925–36. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304723 25767281

6. Singh JP, Evans JC, Levy D, Larson MG, Freed LA, Fuller DL, et al. Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 1999;83 : 897–902. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)01064-9 10190406

7. Herrett E, Gallagher AM, Bhaskaran K, Forbes H, Mathur R, van Staa T S L. Data Resource Profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44 : 827–36. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv098 26050254

8. Walley T, Mantgani A. The UK General Practice Research Database. Lancet. 1997;350 : 1097–9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04248-7 10213569

9. Lawrenson R, Todd JC, Leydon GM, Williams TJ, Farmer RD. Validation of the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in general practice database studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Wiley-Blackwell; 2000;49 : 591–6. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00199.x 10848723

10. Emdin CA, Anderson SG, Callender T, Conrad N, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Mohseni H, et al. Usual blood pressure, peripheral arterial disease, and vascular risk: cohort study of 4.2 million adults. BMJ. 2015;351: h4865. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h4865 26419648

11. Emdin CA, Anderson SG, Woodward M, Rahimi K. Usual Blood Pressure and Risk of New-Onset Diabetes: Evidence From 4.1 Million Adults and a Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66 : 1552–62. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.059 26429079

12. d’Arcy JL, Coffey S, Loudon MA, Kennedy A, Pearson-Stuttard J, Birks J, et al. Large-scale community echocardiographic screening reveals a major burden of undiagnosed valvular heart disease in older people: the OxVALVE Population Cohort Study. Eur Heart J. 2016;37 : 3515–3522. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw229 27354049

13. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360 : 1903–1913. 12493255

14. Rapsomaniki E, Timmis A, George J, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Shah AD, Denaxas S, et al. Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1·25 million people. Lancet. 2014;383 : 1899–911. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60685-1 24881994

15. Domanski M, Mitchell G, Pfeffer M, Neaton JD, Norman J, Svendsen K, et al. Pulse pressure and cardiovascular disease-related mortality: follow-up study of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA. 287 : 2677–83. 12020303

16. Hutcheon JA, Chiolero A, Hanley JA. Random measurement error and regression dilution bias. BMJ. 2010;340: c2289. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c2289 20573762

17. Emdin CA, Anderson SG, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Woodward M, MacMahon S, Dwyer T, et al. Usual blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and vascular risk: evidence from 4.3 million adults. Int J Epidemiol. 2016; doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw053 27143136

18. Easton DF, Peto J, Babiker AG. Floating absolute risk: an alternative to relative risk in survival and case-control analysis avoiding an arbitrary reference group. Stat Med. 1991;10 : 1025–35. 1652152

19. Honaker J, King G, Blackwell M. Amelia II: A Program for Missing Data. J Stat Softw. 2011;45 : 1–47. doi: 10.18637/jss.v045.i07

20. Rubin D. Multiple imputation for non-response in surveys. New York: Wiley; 1987.

21. Woodward M. Epidemiology: study design and data analysis. 3rd Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2014.

22. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med; 2007;4: e297. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 17941715

23. Emdin CA, Rothwell PM, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Kiran A, Conrad N, Callender T, et al. Blood Pressure and Risk of Vascular Dementia. Stroke.; 2016;47 : 1429–1435. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.012658 27165956

24. Loardi C, Alamanni F, Trezzi M, Kassem S, Cavallotti L, Tremoli E, et al. Biology of mitral valve prolapse: the harvest is big, but the workers are few. Int J Cardiol.; 2011;151 : 129–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.11.004 21168228

25. Abramowitz Y, Jilaihawi H, Chakravarty T, Mack MJ, Makkar RR. Mitral Annulus Calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol.; 2015;66 : 1934–1941. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.872 26493666

26. Tobin MD, Sheehan NA, Scurrah KJ, Burton PR. Adjusting for treatment effects in studies of quantitative traits: antihypertensive therapy and systolic blood pressure. Stat Med. 2005;24 : 2911–2935. doi: 10.1002/sim.2165 16152135

27. Clarke R, Shipley M, Lewington S, Youngman L, Collins R, Marmot M, et al. Underestimation of risk associations due to regression dilution in long-term follow-up of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150 : 341–53. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010013 10453810