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Forced anal examinations to ascertain sexual orientation and sexual behavior: An abusive and medically unsound practice


In an essay, Cody Cichowitz and colleagues discuss approaches to preventing the practice of inappropriate anal examination.


Vyšlo v časopise: Forced anal examinations to ascertain sexual orientation and sexual behavior: An abusive and medically unsound practice. PLoS Med 15(3): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002536
Kategorie: Essay
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002536

Souhrn

In an essay, Cody Cichowitz and colleagues discuss approaches to preventing the practice of inappropriate anal examination.


Zdroje

1. Mwalimu U. Statement by the Minster for Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, HON. Ummy Mwalimu on key populations HIV services in Tanzania. The United Republic of Tanzania: Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children. 27 October 2016. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://m.facebook.com/afyatz/posts/1230922863594845.

2. Sieff K. Tanzania suspends U.S.- funded AIDS programs in a new crackdown on gays. The Washington Post. 23 Nov 2016. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/tanzania-suspends-us-funded-aids-programs-in-a-new-crackdown-on-gays/2016/11/23/ec6ced6e-ab5c-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html.

3. Fallon A. People With HIV Are Panicking Due To Tanzania's Crackdown On Gays. NPR—Goats and Soda. 15 Mar 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/03/15/518155924/people-with-hiv-are-panicking-due-to-tanzanias-crackdown-on-gays.

4. Honan E. How Tanzania Is Cracking Down On LGBT People—And Getting Away With It. Buzzfeed. 8 Apr 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.buzzfeed.com/edithhonan/how-tanzania-is-cracking-down-on-lgbt-people-and-getting?utm_term=.le6rnV4Oy#.lwOQrGP0b.

5. Human Rights Watch. Global Medical Body Condemns Forced Anal Exams. Human Rights Watch. 17 Oct 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/17/global-medical-body-condemns-forced-anal-exams.

6. Human Rights Watch. Dignity debased: Forced anal examinations in homosexuality prosecutions. Human Rights Watch. 12 July 2016. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/12/dignity-debased/forced-anal-examinations-homosexuality-prosecutions.

7. Moen K, Aggleton P, Leshabari MT, Middelthon A-L. Same-Sex Practicing Men in Tanzania from 1860 to 2010. Arch Sex Behav. 2014 Apr 22;43(6):1065–82. doi: 10.1007/s10508-014-0286-2 24752788

8. United Nations. Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. United Nations. 10 Dec 1984. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cat.pdf.

9. Long S. When Doctors Torture: The Anus and the State in Egypt and Beyond. Health Hum Rights. 2008 Mar 6;7:116–40.

10. Human Rights Council. Discrimination and violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. United Nations. 4 May 2015. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/23.

11. United Nations. Ending violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. 29 Sep 2015. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/Joint_LGBTI_Statement_ENG.PDF.

12. International Forensic Expert Group. Statement on anal examinations in cases of alleged homosexuality. Torture. 2016;26(2):85–91.

13. Dworkin ER, Menon SV, Bystrynski J, Allen NE. Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;56:65–81. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.002 28689071

14. United Nations. Principles of medical ethics relevant to the role of health personnel. United Nations. 18 Dec 1982. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/MedicalEthics.aspx.

15. World Medical Association. Declaration of Tokyo. World Medical Association. Oct 1975. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-tokyo-guidelines-for-physicians-concerning-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment-or-punishment-in-relation-to-detention-and-imprisonment/.

16. World Medical Association. Resolution on prohibition of forced anal examinations to substantiate same-sex sexual activity. World Medical Association. Oct 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-resolution-on-prohibition-of-forced-anal-examinations-to-substantiate-same-sex-sexual-activity/.

17. Mateen FJ, Rubenstein LS. Government policies in violation of human rights as a barrier to professionalism. JAMA. 2011 Aug 3;306(5):541–2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1082 21813432

18. Pont J, Stöver H, Wolff H. Dual loyalty in prison health care. Am J Public Health. 2012 Mar;102(3):475–80. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300374 22390510

19. Ghoshal N. Beginning of end for forced anal exams. Human Rights Watch. 26 Sep 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/26/beginning-end-forced-anal-exams.

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Interné lekárstvo

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PLOS Medicine


2018 Číslo 3
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