Cost-effectiveness of multidisciplinary care in mild to moderate chronic kidney disease in the United States: A modeling study

1. United States Renal Data System. Annual data report 2016: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2016.

2. van der Velde M, Matsushita K, Coresh J, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey A, et al. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-analysis of high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int. 2011;79:1341–52. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.536 21307840

3. Tonelli M. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2034–47. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2005101085 16738019

4. Inglis SC, Pearson S, Treen S, Gallasch T, Horowitz JD, Stewart S. Extending the horizon in chronic heart failure: effects of multidisciplinary, home-based intervention relative to usual care. Circulation. 2006;114:2466–73. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.638122 17116767

5. Kim MM, Barnato AE, Angus DC, Fleisher LA, Fleisher LF, Kahn JM. The effect of multidisciplinary care teams on intensive care unit mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:369–76. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.521 20177041

6. Sidhom MA, Poulsen MG. Multidisciplinary care in oncology: medicolegal implications of group decisions. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:951–4. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70942-1 17081921

7. Barrett BJ, Garg AX, Goeree R, Levin A, Molzahn A, Rigatto C, et al. A nurse-coordinated model of care versus usual care for stage 3/4 chronic kidney disease in the community: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1241–7. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07160810 21617090

8. Bayliss EA, Bhardwaja B, Ross C, Beck A, Lanese DM. Multidisciplinary team care may slow the rate of decline in renal function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:704–10. doi: 10.2215/CJN.06610810 21273376

9. Harris LE, Luft FC, Rudy DW, Kesterson JG, Tierney WM. Effects of multidisciplinary case management in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Med. 1998;105:464–71. 9870830

10. Hopkins RB, Garg AX, Levin A, Molzahn A, Rigatto C, Singer J, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a randomized trial comparing care models for chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1248–57. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07180810 21617091

11. Peeters MJ, van Zuilen AD, van den Brand JAJG, Bots ML, van Buren M, Ten Dam MAGJ, et al. Nurse practitioner care improves renal outcome in patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:390–8. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012121222 24158983

12. Thanamayooran S, Rose C, Hirsch DJ. Effectiveness of a multidisciplinary kidney disease clinic in achieving treatment guideline targets. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:2385–93. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfi024 16046506

13. Trivedi HS, Pang MMH, Campbell A, Saab P. Slowing the progression of chronic renal failure: economic benefits and patients’ perspectives. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:721–29. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.31990 11920337

14. Cho EJ, Park HC, Yoon HB, Ju KD, Kim H, Oh YK, et al. Effect of multidisciplinary pre-dialysis education in advanced chronic kidney disease: propensity score matched cohort analysis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2012;17:472–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01598.x 22435951

15. Devins GM, Mendelssohn DC, Barré PE, Binik YM. Predialysis psychoeducational intervention and coping styles influence time to dialysis in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:693–703. 14520619

16. Levin A, Lewis M, Mortiboy P, Faber S, Hare I, Porter EC, et al. Multidisciplinary predialysis programs: quantification and limitations of their impact on patient outcomes in two Canadian settings. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29:533–40. 9100041

17. Wu I-W, Wang S-Y, Hsu K-H, Lee C-C, Sun C-Y, Tsai C-J, et al. Multidisciplinary predialysis education decreases the incidence of dialysis and reduces mortality—a controlled cohort study based on the NKF/DOQI guidelines. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3426–33. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfp259 19491379

18. Yeoh HH, Tiquia HS, Abcar AC, Rasgon SA, Idroos ML, Daneshvari SF. Impact of predialysis care on clinical outcomes. Hemodial Int. 2003;7:338–41. doi: 10.1046/j.1492-7535.2003.00059.x 19379385

19. Yu Y-J, Wu I-W, Huang C-Y, Hsu K-H, Lee C-C, Sun C-Y, et al. Multidisciplinary predialysis education reduced the inpatient and total medical costs of the first 6 months of dialysis in incident hemodialysis patients. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e112820. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112820 25398129

20. Strand H, Parker D. Effects of multidisciplinary models of care for adult pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2012;10:53–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-1609.2012.00253.x 22405416

21. Wang S-M, Hsiao L-C, Ting I-W, Yu T-M, Liang C-C, Kuo H-L, et al. Multidisciplinary care in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26:640–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.07.002 26186813

22. Gandjour A, Tschulena U, Steppan S, Gatti E. A simulation model to estimate cost-offsets for a disease-management program for chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2015;15:341–7. doi: 10.1586/14737167.2015.972375 25434825

23. Black C, Sharma P, Scotland G, McCullough K, McGurn D, Robertson L, et al. Early referral strategies for management of people with markers of renal disease: a systematic review of the evidence of clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14:1–184. doi: 10.3310/hta14210 20441712

24. Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC. The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age. Kidney Int. 2006;69:375–82. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000058 16408129

25. Lee CP, Chertow GM, Zenios SA. An empiric estimate of the value of life: updating the renal dialysis cost-effectiveness standard. Value Health. 2009;12:80–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00401.x 19911442

26. Kurella M, Covinsky KE, Collins AJ, Chertow GM. Octogenarians and nonagenarians starting dialysis in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:177–83. 17283348

27. Kurella Tamura M, Covinsky KE, Chertow GM, Yaffe K, Landefeld CS, McCulloch CE. Functional status of elderly adults before and after initiation of dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1539–47. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904655 19828531

28. Neumann PJ, Sanders GD, Basu A, Brock DW, Feeny D, Krahn M, et al. Recommendations on perspectives for the reference case. cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2017.

29. Sanders GD, Neumann PJ, Basu A, Brock DW, Feeny D, Krahn M, et al. Recommendations for conduct, methodological practices, and reporting of cost-effectiveness analyses: Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. JAMA. 2016;316:1093–103. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.12195 27623463

30. Perkins RM, Bucaloiu ID, Kirchner HL, Ashouian N, Hartle JE, Yahya T. GFR decline and mortality risk among patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1879–86. doi: 10.2215/CJN.00470111 21685022

31. Levin A, Djurdjev O, Beaulieu M, Er L. Variability and risk factors for kidney disease progression and death following attainment of stage 4 CKD in a referred cohort. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:661–71. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.06.023 18805347

32. Tangri N, Grams ME, Levey AS, Coresh J, Appel LJ, Astor BC, et al. Multinational assessment of accuracy of equations for predicting risk of kidney failure: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;315:164–74. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.18202 26757465

33. Hallan SI. International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2275–84. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2005121273 16790511

34. Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L, Collins JF, Craig JC, Fraenkel MB, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:609–19. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1000552 20581422

35. Arias E. United States life tables, 2011. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2015;64:1–63. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_11.pdf.

36. United States Renal Data System. Annual data report 2105: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2015.

37. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare program; revisions to payment policies under the physician fee schedule and other revisions to part B for CY 2017; Medicare advantage bid pricing data release; Medicare advantage and part D medical loss ratio data release; Medicare advantage provider network requirements; expansion of Medicare diabetes prevention program model; Medicare shared savings program requirements. Federal Register. 2016 Nov 15;81(220):80170–562. Available from: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-11-15/pdf/2016-26668.pdf. 27906531

38. Wyld M, Morton RL, Hayen A, Howard K, Webster AC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of utility-based quality of life in chronic kidney disease treatments. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001307. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001307 22984353

39. Nelder JA, Mead R. A simplex method for function minimization. Comput J. 1965;7:308–13. doi: 10.1093/comjnl/7.4.308

40. Bureau of Labor Statistics. CPI inflation calculator. Washington (DC): Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2018 [cited 2018 Feb 22]. Available from: http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl.

41. Chen PM, Lai TS, Chen PY, Lai CF, Yang SY, Wu V, et al. Multidisciplinary care program for advanced chronic kidney disease: reduces renal replacement and medical costs. Am J Med. 2015;128:68–76. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.07.042 25149427

42. Goldstein M, Yassa T, Dacouris N, McFarlane P. Multidisciplinary predialysis care and morbidity and mortality of patients on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44:706–14. 15384022

43. Fenton A, Sayar Z, Dodds A, Dasgupta I. Multidisciplinary care improves outcome of patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract. 2010;115:c283–8. doi: 10.1159/000313487 20424479

44. Rognant N, Alamartine E, Aldigier JC, Combe C, Vendrely B, Deteix P, et al. Impact of prior CKD management in a renal care network on early outcomes in incident dialysis patients: a prospective observational study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:41. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-41 23425313

45. Wei S-Y, Chang Y-Y, Mau L-W, Lin M-Y, Chiu H-C, Tsai J-C, et al. Chronic kidney disease care program improves quality of pre-end-stage renal disease care and reduces medical costs. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15:108–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2009.01154.x 20377778

46. Hemmelgarn BR, Manns BJ, Zhang J, Tonelli M, Klarenbach S, Walsh M, et al. Association between multidisciplinary care and survival for elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN. 2007;18:993–999. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006080860 17267742

47. Chen Y-R, Yang Y, Wang S-C, Chou W-Y, Chiu P-F, Lin C-Y, et al. Multidisciplinary care improves clinical outcome and reduces medical costs for pre-end-stage renal disease in Taiwan. Nephrology (Carlton). 2014;19:699–707. doi: 10.1111/nep.12316 25066407

48. Chen Y-R, Yang Y, Wang S-C, Chiu P-F, Chou W-Y, Lin C-Y, et al. Effectiveness of multidisciplinary care for chronic kidney disease in Taiwan: a 3-year prospective cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:671–82. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs469 23223224

49. Ara R, Brazier J. Deriving an algorithm to convert the eight mean SF-36 dimension scores into a mean EQ-5D preference-based score from published studies (where patient level data are not available). Value Health. 2008;11:1131–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00352.x 18489495

50. Lawrence WF, Fleishman JA. Predicting EuroQoL EQ-5D preference scores from the SF-12 Health Survey in a nationally representative sample. Med Decis Making. 2004;24:160–9. doi: 10.1177/0272989X04264015 15090102

51. Gorodetskaya I, Zenios S, McCulloch CE, Bostrom A, Hsu C-Y, Bindman AB, et al. Health-related quality of life and estimates of utility in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2005;68:2801–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00752.x 16316356

52. Cruz MC, Andrade C, Urrutia M, Draibe S, Nogueira-Martins LA, Sesso Rde CC. Quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66:991–5.

53. Briggs AH. Handling uncertainty in economic evaluation and presenting the results. In: Drummond M, McGuire A, editors. Economic evaluation in health care: merging theory with practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. pp. 172–214.

54. Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Jalal HJ. Some health states are better than others: using health state rank order to improve probabilistic analyses. Med Decis Making. 2016;36:927–40. doi: 10.1177/0272989X15605091 26377369

55. Suen S, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. An efficient, noniterative method of identifying the cost-effectiveness frontier. Med Decis Making. 2016;36:132–6. doi: 10.1177/0272989X15583496 25926282

56. Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S, Carswell C, Moher D, Greenberg D, et al. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)—explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force. Value Health. 2013;16:231–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2013.02.002 23538175

57. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:337–414.

58. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311:507–20. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.284427 24352797

59. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Lipid Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for lipid management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:259–305.

60. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1–150.

61. Muntner P, Judd SE, Krousel-Wood M, McClellan WM, Safford MM. Low medication adherence and hypertension control among adults with CKD: data from the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:447–57. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.02.348 20471734

62. Rifkin DE, Laws MB, Rao M, Balakrishnan VS, Sarnak MJ, Wilson IB. Medication adherence behavior and priorities among older adults with CKD: a semistructured interview study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:439–46. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.04.021 20674113

63. Gansevoort RT, Correa-Rotter R, Hemmelgarn BR, Jafar TH, Heerspink HJL, Mann JF, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet. 2013;382:339–52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60595-4 23727170

64. American Academy of Family Physicians. FAQ on MACRA and Medicare payment reform. Leawood (KS): American Academy of Family Physicians; 2017 [cited 2017 May 4]. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/practice-management/payment/medicare-payment/faq.html.

65. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The quality payment program overview fact sheet. Baltimore: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; 2016 [cited 2018 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.cmanet.org/files/pdf/ces/macra-final-rule-fact-sheet.pdf.

66. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare program; Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) and Alternative Payment Model (APM) incentive under the physician fee schedule, and criteria for physician-focused payment models. Federal Register. 2016 Nov 4;81(214):77008–831. Available from: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-11-04/pdf/2016-25240.pdf. 27905815

67. Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, Li Z, Naicker S, Plattner B, et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet. 2013;382:260–72. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60687-X 23727169

68. Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, Hirst JA, O’Callaghan CA, Lasserson DS, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0158765. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158765 27383068

69. Jha V, Wang AY-M, Wang H. The impact of CKD identification in large countries: the burden of illness. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:iii32–8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs113 23115140

70. Curtis BM, Barrett BJ, Djurdjev O, Singer J, Levin A. Evaluation and treatment of CKD patients before and at their first nephrologist encounter in Canada. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:733–42. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.08.004 17954286

71. Obrador GT, Rubilar X, Agazzi E, Estefan J. The challenge of providing renal replacement therapy in developing countries: the Latin American perspective. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67:499–506. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.08.033 26709109

72. Aviles-Gomez R, Luquin-Arellano VH, Garcia-Garcia G, Ibarra-Hernandez M, Briseño-Renteria G. Is renal replacement therapy for all possible in developing countries? Ethn Dis. 2006;16(2 Suppl 2):S2-70–2.

73. Bruce MA, Beech BM, Crook ED, Sims M, Wyatt SB, Flessner MF, et al. Association of socioeconomic status and CKD among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:1001–8. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.01.016 20381223

74. Merkin SS, Diez Roux AV, Coresh J, Fried LF, Jackson SA, Powe NR. Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status and progressive chronic kidney disease in an elderly population: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65:809–21. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.011 17499411

75. Norris K, Nissenson AR. Race, gender, and socioeconomic disparities in CKD in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1261–70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008030276 18525000