Quandong stones: A specialised Australian nut-cracking tool

English version

Autoři: Colin Pardoe ^aff001; Richard Fullagar ^aff002; Elspeth Hayes ^aff002
Působiště autorů: Archaeology & Natural History, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia ^aff001; Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia ^aff002
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222680

Souhrn

The quandong or native peach (Santalum acuminatum R.Br.) has been recognised as an important and tasty food resource among Aboriginal Australians in arid and semi-arid areas of southern Australia. It is valued for its fruit that is consumed raw or dried, and for its kernel, which is eaten raw or ground into paste for medicinal and skin care purposes. This paper reports on a study of ground stone implements within the Murray Darling Basin that has identified quandong stones as a distinct type of implement made specifically for the efficient cracking of quandong nuts. Data are presented on 1,327 ground stone implements from collections in 12 different locations in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), an area almost completely devoid of stone sources. Given the paucity of stone, multi-purpose use of implements is widely documented. Although it was common to find pits present in mortars and other ground stone tools demonstrating multiple functions, including use as anvils, a class of single purpose stones with multiple pits and distinctive form was identified. Most of these were found in areas known for groves of quandong and four were analysed for use-wear and residues along with two other ground stone items from the MDB. The results support their identification as specialised anvil stones for cracking quandong nuts.

Klíčová slova:

Fruits – Australia – Foraging – Paleoanthropology – Archaeology – Starches – Rivers – Specimen grinding

Zdroje

1. Goren-Inbar N, Sharon G, Melamed Y, Kislev M. Nuts, nut cracking, and pitted stones at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. PNAS. 2002; 99 (4): 2455–2460. doi: 10.1073/pnas.032570499 11854536

2. Holst D. Hazelnut economy of Early Holocene hunter-gatherers: a case study from Mesolithic Duvensee, Northern Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2010; 37(11): 2871–2880.

3. Roda Gilabert X, Martínez-Moreno J, Torcal RM. Pitted stone cobbles in the Mesolithic site of Font del Ros (Southeastern Pre-Pyrenees, Spain): some experimental remarks around a controversial tool type. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2012; 39: 1587–1598.

4. Yellen J. Archaeological approaches to the present: models for reconstructing the past. New York: Academic Press; 1977.

5. Adams J. Ground stone analysis: a technological approach. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; 2002.

6. Odell GH. Pitted Stone. In Gibbon GE, Ames KM, eds. Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland; 1998. p. 652.

7. M'guire JD. The Stone Hammer and Its Various Uses. American Anthropologist. 1891; 4(4): 301–312.

8. Walter M, Bozarth S, Guderjan TH. An Examination of Six “Nutting Stones” from East Texas for Plant Phytoliths. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, 2015; 54: 93–100.

9. Leakey MD, Roe DA. Olduvai Gorge. Excavations in Beds III, IV and the Masked Beds, 1968–1971. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.

10. McCarthy FD. The stone implements of Australia. Sydney: The Australian Museum Trust; 1967.

11. Dickson FP. Quartz flaking. In Wright RVS. ed. Stone Tools as Cultural Markers: Change, Evolution and Complexity. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies; and Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press; 1977. pp. 97–103.

12. Dubreuil L. Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-wear analysis of ground stone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2004; 31: 1613–1629.

13. Hamon C. Functional analysis of stone grinding and polishing tools from the earliest Neolithic of north-western Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2008; 35(6): 1502–1520.

14. Hayes E, Pardoe C, Fullagar R. Sandstone grinding/pounding tools: use-trace reference libraries and Australian archaeological applications. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports. 2018; 20: 97–114.

15. Roda Gilabert X, Martinez-Moreno J, Torcal R. Ground stone tools and spatial organization at the Mesolithic site of font del Ros (southeastern pre-Pyrenees, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2016; 5: 209–224.

16. Smith MA. A morphological comparison of Central Australian seed grinding implements and Australian Pleistocene-aged grindstones. The Beagle. 1985; 2: 23–38.

17. Smith MA. The antiquity of seed grinding in arid Australia. Archaeology in Oceania. 1986; 21: 29–39.

18. Gorecki P, Grant M, O’Connor S, Veth P. The morphology, function and antiquity of Australian grinding implements. Archaeology in Oceania. 1997; 32: 141–150.

19. Balme JM. The antiquity of grinding stones in semi-arid western New South Wales. Australian Archaeology 1991; 32: 3–9.

20. Pardoe C. Menindee Lakes: a regional archaeology. Australian Archaeology. 2003; 57: 42–53.

21. Gould R. Subsistence behaviour among the Western Desert Aborigines in Australia. Oceania. 1969; 39: 253–274.

22. Peterson N. The traditional pattern of subsistence to 1975. In Hetzel BS, and Frith HJ eds. The nutrition of Aborigines in relation to the ecosystem of Central Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO. 1977; pp. 25–35.

23. Goddard C, Kalotas A. Punu: Yankunyatjara plant use. Alice Springs: IAD Press; 1985.

24. Maiden JH. The Useful Native Plants of Australia. Sydney: Turner and Henderson; 1889. [https://archive.org/stream/usefulnativeplan1889maid/usefulnativeplan1889maid_djvu.txt]

25. Atlas of Living Australia. Website accessed 4/7/2017. http://www.ala.org.au/

26. George AS. Sandalwoods and quandongs of Australia. Australian Plants. 1996; 13: 318–319.

27. Williams C. Medicinal plants in Australia. Vol. 1 Bush pharmacy. Dural NSW: Rosenberg Publishing; 2010.

28. Konczak I, Zabaras D, Dunstan M, Aguas P. Antioxidant capacity and hydrophilic phytochemicals in commercially grown native Australian fruits. Food Chemistry. 2010; 123: 1048–1054.

29. Sakulnarmrat K, Srzednicki G, Konczak I. Composition and inhibitory activities towards digestive enzymes of polyphenolic-rich fractions of Davidson’s plum and Quandong. LWT—Food Science and Technology. 2014; 57: 366–375.

30. Konczak I, Zabaras D, Dunstan M, Aguas P, Roulfe P, Pavan A. Health benefits of Australian native foods: an evaluation of health-enhancing compounds. Canberra: Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. RIRDC Pub. No. 09/133; 2009.

31. Jones GP, Tucker DJ, Rivett DE, Sedgley M. The nutritional potential of the Quandong (Santalum acuminatum) kernel. Journal of Plant Foods. 1985; 6: 239–246.

32. Agrifutures Australia. Quandong. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Viewed at https://www.agrifutures.com.au/farm-diversity/quandong/12 November 2018.

33. Jones G, Sundar Rao KS, Tucker DJ, Richardson B, Barnes A, Rivett D. Antimicrobial activity of santalbic acid from the oil of Santalum acuminatum (Quandong). International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 1995; 33: 120–123.

34. Mitchell, T. Three expeditions into the interior of eastern Australia. Two volumes. T. & W. Boone, London; 1838. A Project Gutenberg EBook www.gutenberg.net Release date: July 27, 2004 [EBook #13033] Produced by Sue Asscher and Col Choat. Accessed 17 June 2010. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13033/13033-h/13033-h.htm

35. Sturt C. Narrative of an expedition into central Australia, during the years 1844, 5, and 6. 2 volumes. London: T. and W. Boone. 1849; pp. 416, 392.

36. Smith M. Peopling the Cleland Hills: Aboriginal history in western Central Australia. Aboriginal History Monograph 12. 2005.

37. Enright N. From poo to plate: how emus help produce Australia’s best native foods. https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2018/07/03/poo-plate-how-emus-help-produce-australias-best-native-foods. 2018; Accessed 11/11/2018.

38. Latz P. Bushfires and bushtucker: Aboriginal plant use in Central Australia. Alice Springs: IAD Press; 2018.

39. Pardoe C. Assessment of unprovenanced skeletal remains at the National Museum of Australia. Expert Assessment and documentation of unprovenanced skeletal remains held by the National Museum of Australia, Canberra. Report to the Program Director, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander program, National Museum of Australia, Canberra, 4 volumes; February 2011.

40. Wright K. A classification system for ground stone tools from the Prehistoric Levant. Paleorient. 1992; 18(2): 53–81.

41. de Beaune S. The invention of technology: prehistory and cognition. Current Anthropolgy. 2004; 45(2): 139–162.

42. Dubreuil L, Savage D. Ground stones: a synthesis of the use-wear approach. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2013; 48: 139153.

43. Pardoe C. 2015. Grinding Stones of the Lachlan River. Information pamphlet for Wiradjuri Condobolin Corporation; West Wyalong, Condobolin, and Murrin Bridge [Lake Cargelligo] Local Aboriginal Land Councils.

44. McCarthy FD, Setzler F. The archaeology of Arnhem Land. In Mountford C. ed. Records of the American-Australian scientific expedition to Arnhem Land. Anthropology and Nutrition. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, Vol. 2. 1960; pp. 215–295.

45. Howchin W. The stone implements of the Adelaide tribe of Aborigines. Adelaide, South Australia: Gillingham & Co; 1934.

46. Smyth RB. The Aborigines of Victoria: with notes relating to the habits of the natives of other parts of Australia and Tasmania. Melbourne: J. Ferres, government printer; 1878.

47. Mitchell T. Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia. 2 Vols, T. and W. Boone, London; 1839. [Facsimile edition 1996, Eagle Press]

48. Grey G. Journals of two expeditions of discovery into north-west and western Australia. London: Boone T, Boone W; 1841. Volume 2: 265–6. http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00054.html (Accessed 17 June 2017)

49. Spencer B. Guide to the Australian Ethnological Collection exhibited in the National Museum of Victoria. Melbourne: Albert J Mullett Government Printer; 1922.

50. Thomson D. With the blacks of the northern wilds. The Advertiser; 1929: 13th June, p. 10.

51. Spry C, Hayes E, Fullagar R, Tuechler A, Schell P, Goulding M. An unusual, incised ground stone artefact from southwestern Victoria, Australia: its function and potential symbolic significance. Australian Archaeology. 2019; doi: 10.1080/03122417.2019.1595906

52. Rivett DE, Jones GP, Tucker DJ. Santalum acuminatum fruit: a prospect for horticultural development. In Wickens G.E., Haq N. and Day P. (Eds.), New Crops for Food and Industry. London: Chapman Hall. 1989; pp. 208–215.

53. Hayes E. What was ground? A functional analysis of grinding stones from Madjedbebe and Lake Mungo, Australia. Unpublished PhD thesis. 2015; The University of Wollongong.

54. Field J, Cosgrove R, Fullagar R, Lance B. 2009. Starch residues on grinding stones in private collections: a study of morahs from the tropical rainforests of NE Queensland. In: Haslam M., Robertson G., Crowther A., Nugent S., Kirkwood L. (Eds.), Archaeological Science Under a Microscope: Studies in Residue and Ancient DNA Analysis in Honour of Thomas H. Loy. Terra Australis 30. Canberra: ANU E Press, pp. 228–238.

55. Thomson D. Economic Structure and the Ceremonial Exchange Cycle in Arnhem Land. Melbourne: Macmillan; 1949.

56. Binford LR. Dimensional analysis of behavior and site structure: learning from an Eskimo hunting stand. Am. Antiquity. 1978; 3:330–361.

57. Pardoe C, Hutton D. Aboriginal heritage as ecological proxy in south-eastern Australia: a Barapa wetland case study. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management. In press. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.04.008

58. Peterson N. The pestle and mortar: an ethnographic analogy for archaeology in Arnhem Land. Mankind. 1968; 6 (11): 567–70.

59. Fuentes-Cross P. Understanding the distribution of genetic diversity in South Australian populations of quandong (Santalum acuminatum), to inform genetic resource management. Adelaide: School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Life Sciences, The University of Adelaide; 2016. Prepared for the Australian Flora Foundation. http://aff.org.au/wp-content/uploads/FuentesCross_quandong_final.pdf

60. Smith RM, Smith PA. An assessment of the composition and nutrient content of an Australian Aboriginal hunter-gatherer diet. Australian Aboriginal Studies 2003; 2003/2:39–52.

61. Gould R. Living Archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1980.

62. Harbaugh D, Baldwin B. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Sandalwoods (Santalum, Santalaceae): repeated dispersals throughout the Pacific. American Journal of Botany. 2007; 94(6): 1028–1040. doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.6.1028 21636472

Quandong stones: A specialised Australian nut-cracking tool

Souhrn

Klíčová slova:

Zdroje

PLOS One

Získaná hemofilie - Povědomí o nemoci a její diagnostika

Eozinofilní granulomatóza s polyangiitidou