Public versus internal conceptions of addiction: An analysis of internal Philip Morris documents

English version České info

Using previously secret, internal Philip Morris documents from the early 2000s, Pamela M. Ling and colleagues find that the company's public statements on nicotine as the sole cause of smoking addiction were made in parallel with internal research characterizing addiction's interconnected biological, social, psychological, and environmental determinants.

Vyšlo v časopise: Public versus internal conceptions of addiction: An analysis of internal Philip Morris documents. PLoS Med 15(5): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002562
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002562

Souhrn

Zdroje

1. Glantz SA, Slade J, Bero LA, Hanauer P, Barnes DE. The Cigarette Papers: University of California Press Berkeley; 1996.

2. Henningfield JE, Rose CA, Zeller M. Tobacco industry litigation position on addiction: continued dependence on past views. Tobacco Control. 2006;15(Suppl 4):iv27–iv36.

3. Benowitz NL. Nicotine Addiction. The New England journal of medicine. 2010;362(24):2295–303. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0809890 20554984

4. Kushner HI. Toward a cultural biology of addiction. BioSocieties. 2010;5(1):8–24.

5. DeGrandpre R. The cult of pharmacology: how America became the world’s most troubled drug culture: Duke University Press; 2006.

6. Room R. The Cultural Framing of Addiction. Janus Head.6(2):221–34.

7. Mars SG, Ling PM. MEANINGS & MOTIVES Experts Debating Tobacco Addiction. American journal of public health. 2008;98(10):1793–802. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114124 18703459

8. Brandt A. The cigarette century: the rise, fall, and deadly persistence of the product that defined America: Basic books; 2009.

9. Proctor RN. Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition: UC Press; 2012.

10. US Surgeon General, editor The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.

11. US Surgeon General. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service Publication. 1964(1103).

12. Kluger R. Ashes to Ashes. America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris. New York: Knopf; 1996.

13. McKinlay JB, Marceau LD. Upstream healthy public policy: lessons from the battle of tobacco. International Journal of Health Services. 2000;30(1):49–69. doi: 10.2190/2V5H-RHBR-FTM1-KGCF 10707299

14. Berridge V. Marketing health: smoking and the discourse of public health in Britain, 1945–2000: Oxford University Press on Demand; 2007.

15. Parascandola M. Tobacco harm reduction and the evolution of nicotine dependence. American journal of public health. 2011;101(4):632–41. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189274 21330596

16. US Surgeon General. The health and consequences of smoking. Nicotine addiction: a report of the Surgeon General. 1988.

17. Kessler D. A question of intent: A great American battle with a deadly industry: PublicAffairs; 2002.

18. Gilbert DG. Smoking: individual difference, psychopathology, and emotion: Taylor & Francis; 1995.

19. Patkar AA, Vergare MJ, Batra V, Weinstein SP, Leone FT. Tobacco smoking: current concepts in etiology and treatment. Psychiatry. 2003;66(3):183–99. 14587355

20. Brook JS, Brook DW, Zhang C. Psychosocial predictors of nicotine dependence in Black and Puerto Rican adults: a longitudinal study. Nicotine & tobacco research: official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2008;10(6):959–67.

21. Ditre JW, Brandon TH, Zale EL, Meagher MM. Pain, nicotine, and smoking: research findings and mechanistic considerations. Psychological bulletin. 2011;137(6):1065–93. doi: 10.1037/a0025544 21967450

22. Tidey JW, Miller ME. Smoking cessation and reduction in people with chronic mental illness. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2015;351:h4065.

23. Apollonio D, Glantz SA. Tobacco Industry Research on Nicotine Replacement Therapy:“If Anyone Is Going to Take Away Our Business It Should Be Us”. American Journal of Public Health. 2017(0):e1–e7.

24. Leas EC, Pierce JP, Benmarhnia T, White MM, Noble ML, Trinidad DR, et al. Effectiveness of Pharmaceutical Smoking Cessation Aids in a Nationally Representative Cohort of American Smokers. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2017:djx240-djx.

25. Chapman S, MacKenzie R. The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation: causes and consequences. PLoS Med. 2010;7(2):e1000216. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216 20161722

26. Kirchner TR, Cantrell J, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Ganz O, Vallone DM, Abrams DB. Geospatial exposure to point-of-sale tobacco: real-time craving and smoking-cessation outcomes. American journal of preventive medicine. 2013;45(4):379–85. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.016 24050412

27. Wakefield M, Germain D, Henriksen L. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on impulse purchase. Addiction. 2008;103(2):322–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02062.x 18042190

28. Carter OB, Mills BW, Donovan RJ. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on unplanned purchases: results from immediate postpurchase interviews. Tobacco Control. 2009;18(3):218–21. doi: 10.1136/tc.2008.027870 19264731

29. King AC, Smith LJ, McNamara PJ, Cao D. Second generation electronic nicotine delivery system vape pen exposure generalizes as a smoking cue. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2017:ntw327.

30. Miller PM. Principles of addiction: comprehensive addictive behaviors and disorders: Academic Press; 2013.

31. Caggiula AR, Donny EC, White AR, Chaudhri N, Booth S, Gharib MA, et al. Cue dependency of nicotine self-administration and smoking. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2001;70(4):515–30.

32. Rose JE, Corrigall WA. Nicotine self-administration in animals and humans: similarities and differences. Psychopharmacology. 1997;130(1):28–40. 9089846

33. Di Chiara G. Behavioural pharmacology and neurobiology of nicotine reward and dependence. Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors: Springer; 2000. p. 603–750.

34. Balfour DJ, Wright AE, Benwell ME, Birrell CE. The putative role of extra-synaptic mesolimbic dopamine in the neurobiology of nicotine dependence. Behavioural brain research. 2000;113(1):73–83.

35. Lazev AB, Herzog TA, Brandon TH. Classical conditioning of environmental cues to cigarette smoking. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999;7(1):56. 10036610

36. Mucha R, Pauli P, Angrilli A. Conditioned responses elicited by experimentally produced cues for smoking. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1998;76(3):259–68. 9673789

37. Ferguson SG, Frandsen M, Dunbar MS, Shiffman S. Gender and stimulus control of smoking behavior. Nicotine & tobacco research: official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2015;17(4):431–7.

38. Hughes JR, Naud S, Fingar JR, Callas PW, Solomon LJ. Do environmental cues prompt attempts to stop smoking? A prospective natural history study. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2015;154:146–51. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.044 26190558

39. Leshner AI. Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science. 1997;278(5335):45–7. 9311924

40. Hall W, Carter A, Forlini C. The brain disease model of addiction: is it supported by the evidence and has it delivered on its promises? The Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(1):105–10. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00126-6 26359616

41. Carter A, Hall W. Addiction neuroethics: The promises and perils of neuroscience research on addiction: Cambridge University Press; 2011.

42. Fagerström K-O. A comparison of psychological and pharmacological treatment in smoking cessation. Journal of behavioral medicine. 1982;5(3):343–51. 7131548

43. Schneider NG, Jarvik ME, Forsythe AB, Read LL, Elliott ML, Schweiger A. Nicotine gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Addictive behaviors. 1983;8(3):253–61. 6666689

44. Kulik MC, Glantz SA. The smoking population in the USA and EU is softening not hardening. Tobacco control. 2015:tobaccocontrol-2015-052329.

45. Kulik MC, Glantz SA. Softening among US smokers with psychological distress: more quit attempts and lower consumption as smoking drops. American journal of preventive medicine. 2017;53(6):810–7. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.08.004 29029966

46. National Academies of Sciences. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington D.C.: 2018.

47. Hill MR. Archival strategies and techniques: Sage Publications; 1993.

48. Cassell C. Qualitative methods in organizational research: A practical guide: Sage Publications Ltd; 1994.

49. Malone R, Balbach E. Tobacco industry documents: treasure trove or quagmire? Tobacco control. 2000;9:334–8. doi: 10.1136/tc.9.3.334 10982579

50. Balbach ED, Gasior RJ, Barbeau EM. Tobacco industry documents: comparing the Minnesota Depository and internet access. Tobacco Control. 2002;11(1):68–72. doi: 10.1136/tc.11.1.68 11891371

51. Carter SM. Tobacco document research reporting. Tobacco Control. 2005;14(6):368–76. doi: 10.1136/tc.2004.010132 16319359

52. Philip Morris. Addiction Concsenus Group Report. August 14 2000. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/ppjv0056. [Accessed 2017 May 03].

53. Philip Morris. Addiction. 1995. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/xqfm0076. [Accessed 2017 April 24].

54. Philip Morris. Addiction. July 2000. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/tppc0053. [Accessed 2018 April 16].

55. Philip Morris. Statement of Position. November 05 1996. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/nrgj0008. [Accessed 2017 April 25].

56. Philip Morris. Cigarette Smoking & Causation, ETS and "Addiction" the Facts and Positions. October 02 1997. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/kzcc0096. [Accessed 2017 April 25].

57. Philip Morris. Cigarette Smoking & Causation, ETS and Addiction: the Facts and Positions. October 02 1997. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/tnyj0150. [Accessed 2018 April 18].

58. Philip Morris Worldwide Scientific Affairs, Ellis C. Presentation on Positions. May 10 1999. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/snyj0150. [Accessed 2017 November 03].

59. Knopick P. Memo from Knopick to Kloapfer regarding technical review of conference. September 09 1980. British American Tobacco Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/pkwc0205. [Accessed 2017 October 17].

60. Yang JS, Malone RE. “Working to shape what society’s expectations of us should be”: Philip Morris’ societal alignment strategy. Tobacco control. 2008;17(6):391–8. doi: 10.1136/tc.2008.026476 18845623

61. Schroeder SA. Tobacco control in the wake of the 1998 master settlement agreement. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;350(3):293–301. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr031421 14715919

62. Friedman LC. Philip Morris's website and television commercials use new language to mislead the public into believing it has changed its stance on smoking and disease. Tobacco control. 2007;16(6):e9. doi: 10.1136/tc.2007.024026 18048599

63. RJ Reynolds. Addiction. September 07 1999. RJ Reynolds Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/glfp0221. [Accessed 2017 October 30].

64. McDaniel PA, Malone RE. Understanding Philip Morris’s pursuit of US government regulation of tobacco. Tobacco control. 2005;14(3):193–200. doi: 10.1136/tc.2004.009878 15923470

65. Smith EA, Malone RE. Altria means tobacco: Philip Morris’s identity crisis. American Journal of Public Health. 2003;93(4):553–6. 12660196

66. Myers ML. Philip Morris changes its name, but not its harmful practices. Tobacco control. 2002;11(3):169–70. doi: 10.1136/tc.11.3.169 12198256

67. Bondurant S, Wallace R, Shetty P, Stratton K. Clearing the smoke: assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction: National Academies Press; 2001.

68. Philip Morris. Communication on Harm Reduction. March 15 2007. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/qzdb0219. [Accessed 2017 August 21].

69. Tan CE, Kyriss T, Glantz SA. Tobacco company efforts to influence the food and drug administration-commissioned Institute of Medicine report Clearing the Smoke: an analysis of documents released through litigation. PLoS medicine. 2013;10(5):e1001450. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001450 23723740

70. Peeters S, Gilmore AB. Understanding the emergence of the tobacco industry's use of the term tobacco harm reduction in order to inform public health policy. Tobacco control. 2014:tobaccocontrol-2013-051502.

71. Altria. 2002 Annual Report. March 07 2002. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/pjhj0223. [Accessed 2017 October 02].

72. Altria. 2006 Annual Report. 2006. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/tzmw0189. [Accessed 2017 October 02].

73. U.S. v. Philip Morris Final Opinion, (2006). Civil Action No 99–2496 (GK). Washington, DC.

74. Takada K. Scientific Consensus—Addiction Objectives. July 27 2001. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/nmmy0218. [Accessed 2017 April 28].

75. Takada K. Scientific Consensus—Addiction. July 14 2000. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/fpyc0053. [Accessed 2017 June 20].

76. Christakis NA, Fowler JH. The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network. New England journal of medicine. 2008;358(21):2249–58. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa0706154 18499567

77. Philip Morris. WSA Project Review: Smoke Exposure/Reduced Exposure Product Appeal. February 08 2002. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/mjyv0218. [Accessed 2017 April 17].

78. Philip Morris. Addiction Consensus Group Final Presentation. October 10 2002. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/qrwy0183. [Accessed 2017 November 03].

79. Shiffman S. Tobacco “chippers”—individual differences in tobacco dependence. Psychopharmacology. 1989;97(4):539–47. 2498951

80. Kobal G. Chippers—Characterization, Drivers and Exposure. May 12 2004. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/nllp0150. [Accessed 2017 August 03].

81. Coggins CR, Murrelle EL, Carchman RA, Heidbreder C. Light and intermittent cigarette smokers: a review (1989–2009). Psychopharmacology. 2009;207(3):343–63. doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1675-4 19830407

82. Coggins M, Carchman, and Heidbreder. A Review of the Literature on Non-Daily Cigarette Smokers. December 10 2008. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/ksdh0219. [Accessed 2017 August 03].

83. Zhu SH, Pulvers K, Zhuang Y, Báezconde‐Garbanati L. Most Latino smokers in California are low‐frequency smokers. Addiction. 2007;102(s2):104–11.

84. Heidbreder C. Chippers Review. February 11 2010. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/gzvg0151. [Accessed 2018 April 16].

85. Livermore A. Nicotine and Addiction Consensus Group Meeting. October 25 2005. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/ptgh0151. [Accessed 2017 July 11].

86. Koller D, Lewis JY. E-mail re: Nicotine Addiction Consensus February 16 2005. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/zlwv0151. [Accessed 2017 October 30].

87. Philip Morris. Nicotine Addiction Consensus Group Presentation. February 16 2005. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/qgjf0218. [Accessed 2017 May 03].

88. Adams C. Model of Smoking Behavior. January 07 2005. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/xyvf0150. [Accessed 2017 September 26].

89. Davies BD. Fw: Notes from 11/11/05 Determinants of Smoke Exposure Consensus Group. November 17 2005. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/zkjf0151. [Accessed 2017 September 26].

90. Philip Morris. Determinants of Smoke Exposure Consensus Group Presentation. October 24 2006. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/mrbm0219. [Accessed 2017 August 03].

91. Philip Morris. Determinants of Smoking Exposure Consensus Group Presentation. November 14 2005. Philip Morris Records. https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/qfyl0219. [Accessed 2017 July 28].

92. Savell E, Gilmore AB, Fooks G. How does the tobacco industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review. PloS one. 2014;9(2):e87389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087389 24505286

93. Heiser PF, Begay ME. The campaign to raise the tobacco tax in Massachusetts. American journal of public health. 1997;87(6):968–73. 9224178

94. Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2002;325(7357):188.

95. Saloojee Y, Dagli E. Tobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000;78(7):902–10. 10994263

96. Hendlin Y, Anderson SJ, Glantz SA. ‘Acceptable rebellion’: marketing hipster aesthetics to sell Camel cigarettes in the US. Tobacco control. 2010;19(3):213–22. doi: 10.1136/tc.2009.032599 20501494

97. Convenience Store News. Altria, PMI Expand Alternative Tobacco Pact 2015 [Accessed 18 April 2018]. Available from: https://csnews.com/altria-pmi-expand-alternative-tobacco-pact.

98. Philip Morris International. Science and Innovation: The Role of Nicotine 2017 [Accessed September 20, 2017]. Available from: https://www.pmi.com/science-and-innovation/the-role-of-nicotine.

99. Global Forum on Nicotine. Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2 Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: Derricott, Jon; 2016 [Accessed 18 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkMFK3H2srs.

100. Philip Morris International. Harm Reduction Equation 2017 [Accessed October 2, 2017]. Available from: https://www.pmi.com/glossary-section/glossary/harm-reduction-equation.

101. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT. Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;374(4):363–71. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1511480 26816013

102. National Institutes of H. NIH Fact Sheets—Drug Abuse and Addiction. 2018.

103. LeGresley EM, Muggli ME, Hurt RD. Playing hide-and-seek with the tobacco industry. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2005;7(1):27–40.

104. LeGresley E, Lee K. Analysis of British American Tobacco's questionable use of privilege and protected document claims at the Guildford Depository. Tobacco control. 2016:tobaccocontrol-2016-052955.

105. Yach D. Foundation for a smoke-free world. The Lancet. 2017;390(10104):1807–10.

106. Joseph A, Hennrikus D, Thoele M, Krueger R, Hatsukami D. Community tobacco control leaders’ perceptions of harm reduction. Tobacco Control. 2004;13(2):108–13. doi: 10.1136/tc.2003.004242 15175521

107. Hendlin YH, Elias J, Ling PM. The Pharmaceuticalization of the Tobacco Industry. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017;167(4):278–80. doi: 10.7326/M17-0759 28715843

108. Kostygina G, England L, Ling P. New Product Marketing Blurs the Line Between Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Smokeless Tobacco Products. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1219–22. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303057 27077338

109. Philip Morris International. Summary of Modified Risk Tobacco Product Application Submitted to U.S. FDA on December 5, 2016 2017 [Accessed August 1, 2017]. Available from: http://pmiscienceusa.com/wp-content/uploads/Brief-Summary-of-PMIs-MRTP-Application-May-2017.pdf.

110. Daube M, Moodie R, McKee M. Towards a smoke-free world? Philip Morris International's new Foundation is not credible. The Lancet. 2017;390(10104):1722–4.

111. Warner KE. What's a cigarette company to do? American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92(6):897–900. 12036774

112. Benowitz NL. Comprehensive Nicotine Regulation to End the Combustible Tobacco EpidemicComprehensive Nicotine Regulation to End the Combustible Tobacco Epidemic. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017.

113. Hastings G. The marketing matrix: How the corporation gets its power–and how we can reclaim it: Routledge; 2013.

114. Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular perspective of the promises and perils of e-cigarettes. Circulation research. 2016;118(12):1872–5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308723 27283531

115. Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2016;4(2):116–28. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4 26776875

116. Malone RE, Bialous SA. WHO FCTC article 5.3: promise but little progress. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd; 2014.

117. World Health Organization. Guidelines For Implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO FCTC. 2008.

118. Douglas L, Szatkowski L. Socioeconomic variations in access to smoking cessation interventions in UK primary care: insights using the Mosaic classification in a large dataset of primary care records. BMC public health. 2013;13(1):546.

119. Eakin EG, Glasgow RE, Whitlock EP, Smith P. Reaching those most in need: Participation in a planned parenthood smoking cessation program. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 1998;20(3):216–20. doi: 10.1007/BF02884963 9989329

120. King TK, Borrelli B, Black C, Pinto BM, Marcus BH. Minority women and tobacco: implications for smoking cessation interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 1997;19(3):301–13. doi: 10.1007/BF02892295 9603705