Tobacco Industry Manipulation of Tobacco Excise and Tobacco Advertising Policies in the Czech Republic: An Analysis of Tobacco Industry Documents
Background:
The Czech Republic has one of the poorest tobacco control records in Europe. This paper examines transnational tobacco companies' (TTCs') efforts to influence policy there, paying particular attention to excise policies, as high taxes are one of the most effective means of reducing tobacco consumption, and tax structures are an important aspect of TTC competitiveness.
Methods and Findings:
TTC documents dating from 1989 to 2004/5 were retrieved from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library website, analysed using a socio-historical approach, and triangulated with key informant interviews and secondary data. The documents demonstrate significant industry influence over tobacco control policy. Philip Morris (PM) ignored, overturned, and weakened various attempts to restrict tobacco advertising, promoting voluntary approaches as an alternative to binding legislation. PM and British American Tobacco (BAT) lobbied separately on tobacco tax structures, each seeking to implement the structure that benefitted its own brand portfolio over that of its competitors, and enjoying success in turn. On excise levels, the different companies took a far more collaborative approach, seeking to keep tobacco taxes low and specifically to prevent any large tax increases. Collective lobbying, using a variety of arguments, was successful in delaying the tax increases required via European Union accession. Contrary to industry arguments, data show that cigarettes became more affordable post-accession and that TTCs have taken advantage of low excise duties by raising prices. Interview data suggest that TTCs enjoy high-level political support and continue to actively attempt to influence policy.
Conclusion:
There is clear evidence of past and ongoing TTC influence over tobacco advertising and excise policy. We conclude that this helps explain the country's weak tobacco control record. The findings suggest there is significant scope for tobacco tax increases in the Czech Republic and that large (rather than small, incremental) increases are most effective in reducing smoking.
: Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Vyšlo v časopise:
Tobacco Industry Manipulation of Tobacco Excise and Tobacco Advertising Policies in the Czech Republic: An Analysis of Tobacco Industry Documents. PLoS Med 9(6): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001248
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001248
Souhrn
Background:
The Czech Republic has one of the poorest tobacco control records in Europe. This paper examines transnational tobacco companies' (TTCs') efforts to influence policy there, paying particular attention to excise policies, as high taxes are one of the most effective means of reducing tobacco consumption, and tax structures are an important aspect of TTC competitiveness.
Methods and Findings:
TTC documents dating from 1989 to 2004/5 were retrieved from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library website, analysed using a socio-historical approach, and triangulated with key informant interviews and secondary data. The documents demonstrate significant industry influence over tobacco control policy. Philip Morris (PM) ignored, overturned, and weakened various attempts to restrict tobacco advertising, promoting voluntary approaches as an alternative to binding legislation. PM and British American Tobacco (BAT) lobbied separately on tobacco tax structures, each seeking to implement the structure that benefitted its own brand portfolio over that of its competitors, and enjoying success in turn. On excise levels, the different companies took a far more collaborative approach, seeking to keep tobacco taxes low and specifically to prevent any large tax increases. Collective lobbying, using a variety of arguments, was successful in delaying the tax increases required via European Union accession. Contrary to industry arguments, data show that cigarettes became more affordable post-accession and that TTCs have taken advantage of low excise duties by raising prices. Interview data suggest that TTCs enjoy high-level political support and continue to actively attempt to influence policy.
Conclusion:
There is clear evidence of past and ongoing TTC influence over tobacco advertising and excise policy. We conclude that this helps explain the country's weak tobacco control record. The findings suggest there is significant scope for tobacco tax increases in the Czech Republic and that large (rather than small, incremental) increases are most effective in reducing smoking.
: Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Zdroje
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120. Anonymous 1996 Central/Eastern Europe Working Group Meeting. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 900007720-900007726. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/drn63a99. Accessed 04 Aug 2010
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126. Anonymous 2000 Public Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech Republic. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2085293756/2085293783. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jxn10c00. Accessed 16 Jul 2010
127. Anonymous 2001 U.S Exhibit 45,700, Press, “AD Little Czech Republic Study Media Coverage” ARTHUR D. LITTLE INC., PHILIP MORRIS INC., July 24–26, 2001. Source: Datta. Bate(s) number: USX1511376-USX1511408. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nxu36b00. Accessed 13 Sep 2010
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129. RossH 2004 Critique of the Philip Morris study of the cost of smoking in the Czech Republic. Nicotine Tob Res 6 181 189
130. Anonymous 1999 ‘Smoking Benefits the Economy’ Claim. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2085791613A/2085791614. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lpl20c00. Accessed 06 Aug 2010
131. FaircloughG 2001 Smoking Can Help Czech Economy, Philip Morris-Little Report Says. The Wall Street Journal. Prague & Online, 17 July: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB995230746855683470.html. Accessed 15 March 2011
132. TapieMN 2001 Newsedge 7/27/01. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 5001087639/5001087647. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jtv07a00. Accessed 06 Aug 2010
133. KaplanR 2001 Draft Response to Shareholders on Czech Economic Impact Study. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2085774511D/2085774512. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/idv41c00. Accessed 16 Jul 2010
134. ParrishS 1996 Five Year Plan 960000–200000. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2048310635/2048310954. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jve22d00. Accessed 04 Aug 2010
135. BartonHC 1996 British American Tobacco (Holding) Key Issues Meeting. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 800378241-800378246. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kcu50a99. Accessed 05 Aug 2010
136. BubnikG 1998 Fax Message. Gifts to Political Parties. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2084208229. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ckn61b00. Accessed 27 Jul 2010
137. LewinterDJ 1996 Political Contributions - Czech Republic. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2047848228. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mmj74a00. Accessed 04 Aug 2010
138. AdkinsCBibleGCBringMFergusonKIGemblerA 1998 Request for Approval of Political Contribution, Per Pmi G-105, Policy G-114. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2084208226/2084208227. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bkn61b00. Accessed 27 Jul 2010
139. Anonymous 1998 Czech Republic: Still Unclear Who Founded Oda Offshore Company. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2077255202. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ovb85c00. Accessed 08 Aug 2011
140. TerraJ 2002 Political Parties, Party Systems and Economic Reform: Testing Hypotheses against Evidence from Postcommunist Countries. Czech Sociol Rev 3 277 296
141. Anonymous 2000 Tobacco Transnationals, Political Influence, and the Who. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2081380616/2081380617. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lnw65c00. Accessed 08 Aug 2011
142. Anonymous 1998 No title. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2077255205. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qvb85c00. Accessed 08 Aug 2011
143. MulveyK 1998 Global Aggression the Case for World Standards and Bold Us Action Challenging Philip Morris and Rjr Nabisco. Source: Philip Morris. Bate(s) number: 2065245825/2065245896. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gmp83c00. Accessed 08 Aug 2011
144. Anonymous 1997 British-American Tobacco: Board Level Visit to Brussels 24 and 25 November 1997. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333332-321333384. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hwy23a99. Accessed 05 Aug 2010
145. BakriA 1997 Note from Aida Bakri to David Bishop regarding address of those people who were in commission. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333329-321333331. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mtx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
146. BishopD 1997 Brussels Visit. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333321-321333326. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ltx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
147. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Leon Brittan regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333320. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ktx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
148. herterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Padraig Flynn regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333319. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jtx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
149. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Lyn Parker regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333317. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/htx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
150. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Heinz Zourek regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333308. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ysx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
151. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Thomas Carroll regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333309. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zsx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
152. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Bettine de Boitselier regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333310. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/atx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
153. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Mike Cowan regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333311. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/btx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
154. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Michel Vanden Abeele regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333312. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ctx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
155. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Steve Bill regarding visit to Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333314. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/etx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
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157. HerterU 1997 Letter from Ulrich Herter to Alex Ellis regarding the meeting in Brussels. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321333316. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gtx71a99. Accessed 01 Jul 2011
158. de VroeyF 1998 Eastern Europe - Competitors. Source: British American Tobacco. Bate(s) number: 321215495. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/enp44a99. Accessed 05 Aug 2010
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