CD8 T Cell Response Maturation Defined by Anentropic Specificity and Repertoire Depth Correlates with SIVΔnef-induced Protection

English version České info

Annually, more than two million people are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Due to the ability of the virus to escape host immune responses, designing a successful HIV vaccine has been elusive. Similar to HIV in humans, rhesus macaques can be infected with SIV, a close relative and ancestor of HIV, resulting in simian AIDS. SIVΔnef, a live attenuated form of SIV, protects rhesus macaques from subsequent challenge with pathogenic SIV and is widely viewed as the most effective SIV vaccine. Here, we demonstrate that after vaccination of macaques with SIVΔnef, the immune response initially targets more variable regions of the virus, which the virus rapidly escapes. However, as the virus escapes, the immune response evolves to target more conserved regions of the virus as well as escape variants. This refocused targeting of conserved regions by the immune response provides a new mechanistic model that contributes to our understanding of how SIVΔnef vaccination protects animals from pathogenic challenge with SIV. Our findings also reinforce the importance of developing HIV vaccines that target conserved regions of the virus as well as their potential variants.

Vyšlo v časopise: CD8 T Cell Response Maturation Defined by Anentropic Specificity and Repertoire Depth Correlates with SIVΔnef-induced Protection. PLoS Pathog 11(2): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004633
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004633

Souhrn

Zdroje

1. Daniel MD, Kirchhoff F, Czajak SC, Sehgal PK, Desrosiers RC (1992) Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene. Science 258 : 1938–1941. 1470917

2. Connor RI, Montefiori DC, Binley JM, Moore JP, Bonhoeffer S, et al. (1998) Temporal analyses of virus replication, immune responses, and efficacy in rhesus macaques immunized with a live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine. J Virol 72 : 7501–7509. 9696847

3. Tenner-Racz K, Stahl Hennig C, Uberla K, Stoiber H, Ignatius R, et al. (2004) Early protection against pathogenic virus infection at a mucosal challenge site after vaccination with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 : 3017–3022. 14970317

4. Reynolds MR, Weiler AM, Piaskowski SM, Kolar HL, Hessell AJ, et al. (2010) Macaques vaccinated with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239Δnef delay acquisition and control replication after repeated low-dose heterologous SIV challenge. J Virol 84 : 9190–9199. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00041-10 20592091

5. Reynolds MR, Weiler AM, Weisgrau KL, Piaskowski SM, Furlott JR, et al. (2008) Macaques vaccinated with live-attenuated SIV control replication of heterologous virus. J Exp Med 205 : 2537–2550. doi: 10.1084/jem.20081524 18838548

6. Fukazawa Y, Park H, Cameron MJ, Lefebvre F, Lum R, et al. (2012) Lymph node T cell responses predict the efficacy of live attenuated SIV vaccines. Nat Med 18 : 1673–1681. doi: 10.1038/nm.2934 22961108

7. Veazey RS, DeMaria M, Chalifoux LV, Shvetz D, Pauley D, et al. (1998) The gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4 T lymphocyte depletion and viral replication in SIV infection. Science 280 : 427–431. 9545219

8. Baba TW, Jeong YS, Pennick D, Bronson R, Greene MF, et al. (1995) Pathogenicity of live, attenuated SIV after mucosal infection of neonatal macaques. Science 267 : 1820–1825. 7892606

9. Wyand MS, Manson KH, Lackner AA, Desrosiers RC (1997) Resistance of neonatal monkeys to live attenuated vaccine strains of simian immunodeficiency virus. Nat Med 3 : 32–36. 8986737

10. Baba TW, Liska V, Khimani AH, Ray NB, Dailey PJ, et al. (1999) Live attenuated, multiply deleted simian immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS in infant and adult macaques. Nat Med 5 : 194–203. 9930868

11. Desrosiers RC, Lifson JD, Gibbs JS, Czajak SC, Howe AM, et al. (1998) Identification of highly attenuated mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 72 : 1431–1437. 9445045

12. Alpert MD, Harvey JD, Lauer WA, Reeves RK, Piatak M Jr., et al. (2012) ADCC develops over time during persistent infection with live-attenuated SIV and is associated with complete protection against SIV(mac)251 challenge. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002890. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002890 22927823

13. Schmitz JE, Johnson RP, McClure HM, Manson KH, Wyand MS, et al. (2005) Effect of CD8+ lymphocyte depletion on virus containment after simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 challenge of live attenuated SIVmac239delta3-vaccinated rhesus macaques. J Virol 79 : 8131–8141. 15956558

14. Johnson RP, Glickman RL, Yang JQ, Kaur A, Dion JT, et al. (1997) Induction of vigorous cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 71 : 7711–7718. 9311855

15. Nixon DF, Donahoe SM, Kakimoto WM, Samuel RV, Metzner KJ, et al. (2000) Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protection against challenge in rhesus macaques immunized with a live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine. Virology 266 : 203–210. 10612675

16. Genesca M, Skinner PJ, Bost KM, Lu D, Wang Y, et al. (2008) Protective attenuated lentivirus immunization induces SIV-specific T cells in the genital tract of rhesus monkeys. Mucosal Immunol 1 : 219–228. doi: 10.1038/mi.2008.6 19079181

17. Walker CM, Moody DJ, Stites DP, Levy JA (1986) CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV replication in vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science 234 : 1563–1566. 2431484

18. Collins KL, Chen BK, Kalams SA, Walker BD, Baltimore D (1998) HIV-1 Nef protein protects infected primary cells against killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature 391 : 397–401. 9450757

19. Yang OO, Sarkis PT, Trocha A, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, et al. (2003) Impacts of avidity and specificity on the antiviral efficiency of HIV-1-specific CTL. J Immunol 171 : 3718–3724. 14500671

20. Gauduin M-C, Glickman RL, Means R, Johnson RP (1998) Inhibition of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication by CD8+ T lymphocytes from macaques immunized with live attenuated SIV. J Virol 72 : 6315–6324. 9658070

21. Tsubota H, Lord CI, Watkins DI, Morimoto C, Letvin N (1989) A cytotoxic T lymphocyte inhibits acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Exp Med 169 : 1421–1434. 2784486

22. Jin X, Bauer DE, Tuttleton SE, Lewin S, Gettie A, et al. (1999) Dramatic rise in plasma viremia after CD8(+) T cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Exp Med 189 : 991–998. 10075982

23. Genesca M, Skinner PJ, Hong JJ, Li J, Lu D, et al. (2008) With minimal systemic T-cell expansion, CD8+ T Cells mediate protection of rhesus macaques immunized with attenuated simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6 from vaginal challenge with simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 82 : 11181–11196. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01433-08 18787003

24. Manrique J, Piatak M, Lauer W, Johnson W, Mansfield K, et al. (2013) Influence of mismatch of Env sequences on vaccine protection by live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 87 : 7246–7254. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00798-13 23637396

25. Wyand MS, Manson KH, Garcia-Moll M, Montefiori D, Desrosiers RC (1996) Vaccine protection by a triple deletion mutant of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 70 : 3724–3733. 8648707

26. Burwitz BJ, Ende Z, Sudolcan B, Reynolds MR, Greene JM, et al. (2011) Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239{Delta}nef Vaccination Elicits Different Tat28-35SL8-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Clonotypes Compared to a DNA Prime/Adenovirus Type 5 Boost Regimen in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 85 : 3683–3689. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02112-10 21270159

27. National Research Council of the National Academies. (2011) Guide for the Care and use of Laboratory Animals. National Institutes of Health. National Academies Press. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2011.587961 25473706

28. Salisch NC, Kaufmann DE, Awad AS, Reeves RK, Tighe DP, et al. (2010) Inhibitory TCR coreceptor PD-1 is a sensitive indicator of low-level replication of SIV and HIV-1. J Immunol 184 : 476–487. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902781 19949078

29. Wiseman RW, Karl JA, Bimber BN, O'Leary CE, Lank SM, et al. (2009) Major histocompatibility complex genotyping with massively parallel pyrosequencing. Nat Med 15 : 1322–1326. doi: 10.1038/nm.2038 19820716

30. Macchia I, Gauduin MC, Kaur A, Johnson RP (2006) Expression of CD8alpha identifies a distinct subset of effector memory CD4+ T lymphocytes. Immunology 119 : 232–242. 16836648

31. Jia B, Ng SK, DeGottardi MQ, Piatak M, Yuste E, et al. (2009) Immunization with single-cycle SIV significantly reduces viral loads after an intravenous challenge with SIV(mac)239. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000272. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000272 19165322

32. Roederer M (2001) Spectral compensation for flow cytometry: visualization artifacts, limitations, and caveats. Cytometry 45 : 194–205. 11746088

33. Sugimoto C, Tadakuma K, Otani I, Moritoyo T, Akari H, et al. (2003) nef gene is required for robust productive infection by simian immunodeficiency virus of T-cell-rich paracortex in lymph nodes. J Virol 77 : 4169–4180. 12634375

34. Hansen SG, Ford JC, Lewis MS, Ventura AB, Hughes CM, et al. (2011) Profound early control of highly pathogenic SIV by an effector memory T-cell vaccine. Nature 473 : 523–527. doi: 10.1038/nature10003 21562493

35. Hansen SG, Piatak M Jr., Ventura AB, Hughes CM, Gilbride RM, et al. (2013) Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection. Nature 502 : 100–104. doi: 10.1038/nature12519 24025770

36. Hansen SG, Sacha JB, Hughes CM, Ford JC, Burwitz BJ, et al. (2013) Cytomegalovirus vectors violate CD8+ T cell epitope recognition paradigms. Science 340 : 1237874. doi: 10.1126/science.1237874 23704576

37. Bilello JP, Manrique JM, Shin YC, Lauer W, Li W, et al. (2011) Vaccine Protection against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Monkeys Using Recombinant Gamma-2 Herpesvirus. J Virol 85 : 12708–12720. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00865-11 21900170

38. Johnson RP, Lifson JD, Czajak SC, Cole KS, Manson KH, et al. (1999) Highly attenuated vaccine strains of simian immunodeficiency virus protect against vaginal challenge: inverse relationship of degree of protection with level of attenuation. J Virol 73 : 4952–4961. 10233957

39. Kiepiela P, Ngumbela K, Thobakgale C, Ramduth D, Honeyborne I, et al. (2007) CD8+ T-cell responses to different HIV proteins have discordant associations with viral load. Nat Med 13 : 46–53. 17173051

40. Streeck H, Lichterfeld M, Alter G, Meier A, Teigen N, et al. (2007) Recognition of a defined region within p24 gag by CD8+ T cells during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in individuals expressing protective HLA class I alleles. J Virol 81 : 7725–7731. 17494064

41. Wang YE, Li B, Carlson JM, Streeck H, Gladden AD, et al. (2009) Protective HLA class I alleles that restrict acute-phase CD8+ T-cell responses are associated with viral escape mutations located in highly conserved regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 83 : 1845–1855. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01061-08 19036810

42. Liu MK, Hawkins N, Ritchie AJ, Ganusov VV, Whale V, et al. (2013) Vertical T cell immunodominance and epitope entropy determine HIV-1 escape. J Clin Invest 123 : 380–393. doi: 10.1172/JCI65330 23221345

43. Mattapallil JJ, Douek DC, Hill BJ, Nishimura Y, Martin M, et al. (2005) Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection. Nature 434 : 1093–1097. 15793563

44. Harris M, Burns CM, Becker EA, Braasch AT, Gostick E, et al. (2013) Acute-phase CD8 T cell responses that select for escape variants are needed to control live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 87 : 9353–9364. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00909-13 23785211

45. Chen H, Ndhlovu ZM, Liu D, Porter LC, Fang JW, et al. (2012) TCR clonotypes modulate the protective effect of HLA class I molecules in HIV-1 infection. Nat Immunol 13 : 691–700. doi: 10.1038/ni.2342 22683743

46. Feeney ME, Tang Y, Pfafferott K, Roosevelt KA, Draenert R, et al. (2005) HIV-1 viral escape in infancy followed by emergence of a variant-specific CTL response. J Immunol 174 : 7524–7530. 15944251

47. Ganusov VV, Goonetilleke N, Liu MK, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, et al. (2011) Fitness costs and diversity of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response determine the rate of CTL escape during acute and chronic phases of HIV infection. J Virol 85 : 10518–10528. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00655-11 21835793

48. Liu Y, McNevin JP, Holte S, McElrath MJ, Mullins JI (2011) Dynamics of viral evolution and CTL responses in HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 6: e15639. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015639 21283794

49. Yang OO, Daar ES, Ng HL, Shih R, Jamieson BD (2011) Increasing CTL targeting of conserved sequences during early HIV-1 infection is correlated to decreasing viremia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 27 : 391–398. doi: 10.1089/aid.2010.0183 21087140

50. Stephenson KE, SanMiguel A, Simmons NL, Smith K, Lewis MG, et al. (2012) Full-length HIV-1 immunogens induce greater magnitude and comparable breadth of T lymphocyte responses to conserved HIV-1 regions compared with conserved-region-only HIV-1 immunogens in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 86 : 11434–11440. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01779-12 22896617

51. Barouch DH, Liu J, Li H, Maxfield LF, Abbink P, et al. (2012) Vaccine protection against acquisition of neutralization-resistant SIV challenges in rhesus monkeys. Nature 482 : 89–93. doi: 10.1038/nature10766 22217938