Traits that are attractive to the opposite sex are often positively correlated when scaled such that scores increase with attractiveness, and this correlation typically has a genetic component. Such traits can be genetically correlated due to genes that affect both traits (“pleiotropy”) and/or because assortative mating causes statistical correlations to develop between selected alleles across the traits (“gametic phase disequilibrium”). In this study, we modeled the covariation between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, their siblings, and their parents (total N = 7,905) to elucidate the nature of the correlation between two potentially sexually selected traits in humans: height and IQ. Unlike previous designs used to investigate the nature of the height–IQ correlation, the present design accounts for the effects of assortative mating and provides much less biased estimates of additive genetic, non-additive genetic, and shared environmental influences. Both traits were highly heritable, although there was greater evidence for non-additive genetic effects in males. After accounting for assortative mating, the correlation between height and IQ was found to be almost entirely genetic in nature. Model fits indicate that both pleiotropy and assortative mating contribute significantly and about equally to this genetic correlation.
Vyšlo v časopise: The Genetic Correlation between Height and IQ: Shared Genes or Assortative Mating?. PLoS Genet 9(4): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003451 Kategorie: Research Article prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003451
1. RushtonJP, BonsTA, AndoJ, HurYM, IrwingP, et al. (2009) A General Factor of Personality From Multitrait-Multimethod Data and Cross-National Twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics 12 : 356–365.
2. RushtonJP, IrwingP (2008) A General Factor of Personality (GFP) from two meta-analyses of the Big Five: Digman (1997) and Mount, Barrick, Scullen, and Rounds (2005). Personality and Individual Differences 45 : 679–683.
3. GillespieNA, CloningerCR, HeathAC, MartinNG (2003) The genetic and environmental relationship between Cloninger's dimensions of temperament and character. Personality and Individual Differences 35 : 1931–1946.
4. KellerMC, CoventryWL, HeathAC, MartinNG (2005) Widespread evidence for genetic non-additivity in Cloninger's and Eysenck's Personality dimensions using a twins plus sibling design. Behavior Genetics 35 : 707–721.
5. ArdenR, GottfredsonLS, MillerG (2009) Does a fitness factor contribute to the association between intelligence and health outcomes? Evidence from medical abnormality counts among 3654 US Veterans. Intelligence 37 : 581–591.
6. Buist-BouwmanMA, de GraafR, VolleberghWAM, OrmelJ (2005) Comorbidity of physical and mental disorders and the effect on work-loss days. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 111 : 436–443.
7. WaalerHT (1984) Height, weight and mortality. The Norwegian experience. Acta Med Scand Suppl 679 : 1–56.
8. ThornhillR, GrammerK (1999) The body and face of woman: One ornament that signals quality? Evolution and Human Behavior 20 : 105–120.
9. ShackelfordTK, LarsenRJ (1999) Facial attractiveness and physical health. Evolution and Human Behavior 20 : 71–76.
10. HendersonJJA, AnglinJM (2003) Facial attractiveness predicts longevity. Evolution and Human Behavior 24 : 351–356.
11. ZebrowitzLA, HallJA, MurphyNA, RhodesG (2002) Looking smart and looking good: Facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 : 238–249.
12. OlsonJM, VernonPA, HarrisJA, JangKL (2001) The heritability of attitudes: A study of twins. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 : 845–860.
13. OlsonCM (1999) Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr 129 : 521S–524S.
14. SimeonDT, Grantham-McGregorSM (1990) Nutritional Deficiencies and Children's Behaviour and Mental Development. Nutr Res Rev 3 : 1–24.
15. JacobsJ, TassenaarV (2004) Height, income, and nutrition in the Netherlands: the second half of the 19th century. Econ Hum Biol 2 : 181–195.
16. Andersson M (1994) Sexual selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
17. Lynch M, Walsh B (1998) Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
18. BussDM, BarnesM (1986) Preferences in Human Mate Selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 : 559–570.
19. Mascie-TaylorCGN, VandenbergSG (1988) Assortative Mating for Iq and Personality Due to Propinquity and Personal Preference. Behavior Genetics 18 : 339–345.
20. CourtiolA, RaymondM, GodelleB, FerdyJB (2010) Mate Choice and Human Stature: Homogamy as a Unified Framework for Understanding Mating Preferences. Evolution 64 : 2189–2203.
21. ShepperdJA, StrathmanAJ (1989) Attractiveness and Height - the Role of Stature in Dating Preference, Frequency of Dating, and Perceptions of Attractiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 : 617–627.
22. HensleyWE (1994) Height as a Basis for Interpersonal-Attraction. Adolescence 29 : 469–474.
23. SilventoinenK, KaprioJ, LahelmaE, VikenRJ, RoseRJ (2003) Assortative mating by body height and BMI: Finnish twins and their spouses. American Journal of Human Biology 15 : 620–627.
24. SundetJM, TambsK, HarrisJR, MagnusP, TorjussenTM (2005) Resolving the genetic and environmental sources of the correlation between height and intelligence: A study of nearly 2600 Norwegian male twin pairs. Twin Research and Human Genetics 8 : 307–311.
25. BeauchampJP, CesariniD, JohannessonM, LindqvistE, ApicellaC (2011) On the sources of the height-intelligence correlation: New insights from a bivariate ACE model with assortative mating. Behavior Genetics 41 : 242–252.
26. SilventoinenK, PosthumaD, van BeijsterveldtT, BartelsM, BoomsmaDI (2006) Genetic contributions to the association between height and intelligence: evidence from Dutch twin data from childhood to middle age. Genes Brain and Behavior 5 : 585–595.
27. EavesLJ, LastKA, YoungPA, MartinNG (1978) Model-fitting approaches to the analysis of human behavior. Heredity 41 : 249–320.
28. EavesLJ (1979) The use of twins in the analysis of assortative mating. Heredity 43 : 399–409.
29. KellerMC, MedlandSE, DuncanLE (2010) Are extended twin family designs worth the trouble? A comparison of the bias, precision, and accuracy of parameters estimated in four twin family models. Behav Genet 40 : 377–393.
30. KellerMC, MedlandSE, DuncanLE, HatemiPK, NealeMC, et al. (2009) Modeling extended twin family data I: Description of the Cascade model. Twin Res Hum Genet 12 : 8–18.
31. EavesLJ (1976) A model fo sibling effects in man. Heredity 36 : 205–214.
32. EavesLJ (1976) The effect of continuous variation on continuous variation. Heredity 37 : 41–57.
33. HeathAC, EavesLJ (1985) Resolving the effects of phenotype and social backround on mate selection. Behavior Genetics 15 : 15–30.
34. CloningerCR, RiceJ, ReichT (1979) Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating II: A general model of combined polygenic and cultural inheritance. American Journal of Human Genetics 31 : 176–198.
35. CloningerCR, RiceJ, ReichT (1979) Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating III: Family structure and the analysis of experiments. American Journal of Human Genetics 31 : 366–388.
36. PosthumaD, BoomsmaDI (2000) A note on the statistical power in extended twin designs. Behavior Genetics 30 : 147–158.
37. KellerMC, CoventryWL (2005) Quantifying and addressing parameter indeterminacy in the classical twin design. Twin Research and Human Genetics 8 : 201–213.
38. MartinNG, EavesLJ, KearseyMJ, DaviesP (1978) The power of the classical twin study. Heredity 28 : 79–95.
39. WrightSS (1921) Correlation and causation. Journal of Agricultural Research 20 : 557–585.
40. LeeSH, YangJ, GoddardME, VisscherPM, WrayNR (2012) Estimation of pleiotropy between complex diseases using single-nucleotide polymorphism-derived genomic relationships and restricted maximum likelihood. Bioinformatics 28 : 2540–2542.
41. YangJ, LeeSH, GoddardME, VisscherPM (2011) GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. Am J Hum Genet 88 : 76–82.
42. YangJ, BenyaminB, McEvoyBP, GordonS, HendersAK, et al. (2010) Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height. Nat Genet 42 : 565–569.
43. GangestadSW, ScheydGJ (2005) The evolution of human physical attractiveness. Annual Review of Anthropology 34 : 523–548.
44. Keller MC (2007) The role of mutations in human mating. In: Geher G, Miller GF, editors. Mating intelligence: Theoretical, experimental, and differential perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
45. Miller G (2000) The mating mind. New York: Doubleday.
46. Fisher RA (1930) The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.
47. MeriläJ, SheldonBC (1999) Genetic architecture of fitness and nonfitness traits: Empirical patterns and development of ideas. Heredity 83 : 103–109.
48. Borgia G (1979) Sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. In: Blum MS, Blum NA, editors. Sexual selection and reproductive competition in insects. New York: Academic Press. pp. 19–80.
49. RoweL, HouleD (1996) The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits. Proceedings of the Royal Soceity of London, Series B 263 : 1415–1421.
50. HouleD (1998) How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits? Genetica 102 : 241–253.
51. PlominR, LoehlinJC (1989) Direct and Indirect Iq Heritability Estimates - a Puzzle. Behavior Genetics 19 : 331–342.
52. SilventoinenK, SammalistoS, PerolaM, BoomsmaDI, CornesBK, et al. (2003) Heritability of adult body height: A comparative study of twin cohorts in eight countries. Twin Research 6 : 399–408.
53. LoehlinJC, HornJM, WillermanL (1989) Modeling Iq Change - Evidence from the Texas Adoption Project. Child Development 60 : 993–1004.
54. DaviesG, TenesaA, PaytonA, YangJ, HarrisSE, et al. (2011) Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Mol Psychiatry 16 : 996–1005.
55. RheaSA, GrossAA, HaberstickBC, CorleyRP (2006) Colorado Twin Registry. Twin Research and Human Genetics 9 : 941–949.
56. MilesDR, StallingsMC, YoungSE, HewittJK, CrowleyTJ, et al. (1998) A family history and direct interview study of the familial aggregation of substance abuse: the adolescent substance abuse study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 49 : 105–114.
57. WrightMJ, MartinNG (2004) Brisbane adolescent twin study: Outline of study methods and research projects. Australian Journal of Psychology 56 : 65–78.
58. Wechsler D (1997) Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
59. Wechsler D (1991) Examiner's manual: The Wechsler intelligence scale for children (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
60. MortensenEL, ReinischJM, TeasdaleTW (1989) Intelligence as Measured by the Wais and a Military Draft Board Group Test. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 30 : 315–318.
61. Jackson DN (1984) Manual for the multidimensional aptitude battery. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologist Press.
62. Van Eerdewegh P (1982) Statistical selection in multivariate systems with applications in quantitative genetics. St. Louis: Washington University.
Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova
Nemáte účet? Registrujte sa
Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.
