Ankle sprain

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2. Bielska IA, Brison R, Brouwer B, et al. Is recovery from ankle sprains negatively affected by obesity? Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2019; 62(1): 8–13.

3. Biz C, Nicoletti P, Tomasin M, et al. Is kinesio taping effective for sport performance and ankle function of athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI)? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58(5): 620.

4. Bleakley CM, O’Connor SR, Tully MA, et al. Effect of accelerated rehabilitation on function after ankle sprain: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010; 340: c1964.

5. Bleakley CM, Taylor JB, Dischiavi SL, et al. Rehabilitation exercises reduce reinjury post ankle sprain, but the content and parameters of an optimal exercise program have yet to be established: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019; 100(7): 1367–1375.

6. Brown KW, Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME, et al. MRI findings associated with distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury. Am J Roentgenol. 2004; 182(1): 131–136.

7. Bulathsinhala L, Hill OT, Scofield DE, et al. Epidemiology of ankle sprains and the risk of separation from service in U.S. army soldiers. Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015; 45(6): 477–484.

8. Calatayud J, Borreani S, Colado JC, et al. Exercise and ankle sprain injuries: A comprehensive review. Phys Sportsmed. 2014; 42(1): 88–93.

9. Chen ET, Borg-Stein J, McInnis KC. Ankle sprains: evaluation, rehabilitation, and prevention. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2019; 18(6): 217–223.

10. Close JR. Some applications of the functional anatomy of the ankle joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956; 38-A(4): 761–781.

11. Crim J. Medial-sided ankle pain: deltoid ligament and beyond. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2017; 25(1): 63–77.

12. Delahunt E, Bleakley CM, Bossard DS, et al. Clinical assessment of acute lateral ankle sprain injuries (ROAST): 2019 consensus statement and recommendations of the International Ankle Consortium. Br J Sports Med. 2018; 52(20): 1304–1310.

13. Goodrich E, Morris B, Hermanns C, et al. Epidemiology of ankle sprain in the active-duty military population. JBJS Rev. 2022; 10(6).

14. Saki F, Yalfani A, Fousekis K, et al. Anatomical risk factors of lateral ankle sprain in adolescent athletes: A prospective cohort study. Phys Ther Sport. 2021; 48 : 26–34.

15. Fong DT, Chan YY, Mok KM, et al. Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2009; 1 : 14.

16. Fong DT, Hong Y, Chan LK, et al. A systematic review on ankle injury and ankle sprain in sports. Sports Med. 2007; 37(1): 73–94.

17. Gogate N, Satpute K, Hall T. The effectiveness of mobilization with movement on pain, balance and function following acute and sub acute inversion ankle sprain –⁠ A randomized, placebo controlled trial. Phys Ther Sport. 2021; 48 : 91–100.

18. Goulart Neto AM, Maffulli N, Migliorini F, et al. Validation of foot and ankle ability measure (FAAM) and the foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS) in individuals with chronic ankle instability: A cross-sectional observational study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022; 17(1): 38.

19. Gribble PA, Bleakley CM, Caulfield BM, et al. Evidence review for the 2016 International Ankle Consortium consensus statement on the prevalence, impact and long-term consequences of lateral ankle sprains. Br J Sports Med. 2016; 50(24): 14961505.

20. Gurav RS, Ganu SS, Panhale VP. Reliability of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) Scale Across Different Age Groups in Adults. N Am J Med Sci. 2014; 6(10): 516–518.

21. Halabchi F, Hassabi M. Acute ankle sprain in athletes: Clinical aspects and algorithmic approach. World J Orthop. 2020; 11(12): 534–558.

22. Hertel J. Functional anatomy, pathomechanics, and pathophysiology of lateral ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2002; 37(4): 364375.

23. Hertel J, Denegar CR, Monroe MM, Stokes WL. Talocrural and subtalar joint instability after lateral ankle sprain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999; 31(11): 1501–1508.

24. Herzog MM, Kerr ZY, Marshall SW, Wikstrom EA. Epidemiology of ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2019; 54(6): 603–610.

25. Hiller CE, Refshauge KM, Bundy AC, et al. The Cumberland ankle instability tool: A report of validity and reliability testing. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006; 87(9): 1235–1241.

26. Hou ZC, Ao YF, Hu YL, et al. Balance training benefits chronic ankle instability with generalized joint hypermobility: A prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023; 24(1): 71.

27. Stiell I. Ottawa ankle rules. Can Fam Physician. 1996; 42 : 478480.

28. Ivins D. Acute ankle sprain: An update. Am Fam Physician. 2006; 74(10): 1714–1720.

29. Kawabata S, Murata K, Iijima H, et al. Ankle instability as a prognostic factor associated with the recurrence of ankle sprain: A systematic review. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 54 : 101963.

30. Kofotolis N, Kellis E. Ankle sprain injuries: a 2-year prospective cohort study in female greek professional basketball players. J Athl Train. 2007; 42(3): 388–394.

31. Kramer Z, Woo Lee Y, Sherrick R. Acute ankle sprains. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2023; 40(1): 117–138.

32. Krueger B, Becker L, Leemkuil G, Durall C. Does talocrural joint-thrust manipulation improve outcomes after inversion ankle sprain? J Sport Rehabil. 2015; 24(3): 315–321.

33. Lin CI, Houtenbos S, Lu YH, et al. The epidemiology of chronic ankle instability with perceived ankle instability –⁠ a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2021; 14(1): 41.

34. Lintz F, Bernasconi A, Ferkel EI. Can weight-bearing computed tomography be a game-changer in the assessment of ankle sprain and ankle instability? Foot Ankle Clin. 2023; 28(2): 283295.

35. Líška D, Kremnický J. The level of dorsiflexion in young gymnasts compared to young athletes –⁠ pilot study. Science of Gymnastics Journal. 2022; 14(2): 201–210.

36. Líška D, Liptaková E, Baťalík L, Rutkowski S. The ankle joint dorsiflexion range of motion in the closed kinematic chain of judokas and football players –⁠ pilot study. Archives of Budo. 2021; 17 : 145–150.

37. Liu J, Valentine D, Ebraheim NA. Management of syndesmosis injury: a narrative review. Orthop Res Rev. 2022; 14 : 471–475.

38. Liu Y, Dong S, Wang Q, et al. Deficits in proprioception and strength may contribute to the impaired postural stability among individuals with functional ankle instability. Front Physiol. 2024; 15 : 1342636

39. Bachmann LM, Kolb E, Koller MT, et al. Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and mid-foot: systematic review. BMJ 2003; 326(7386): 417.

40. Mansour R, Jibri Z, Kamath S, et al. Persistent ankle pain following a sprain: A review of imaging. Emerg Radiol. 2011; 18(3): 211–225.

41. Marín Fermín T, Symeonidis PD. Physical examination of ankle sprain and ankle instability: can we really divide it into low and high ankle sprains? Foot Ankle Clin. 2023; 28(2): 217–229.

42. McKiernan S, Fenech M, Fox D, Stewart I. Sonography of the ankle: The lateral ankle and ankle sprains. Sonography 2017; 4(4): 146–155.

43. Michelson JD, Durant DM, McFarland E. The injury risk associated with pes planus in athletes. Foot Ankle Int. 2002; 23(7): 629–633.

44. Monteleone G, Tramontana A, Sorge R, et al. Ankle sprain and podoscopic footprint pattern in female volleyball players. Acta Orthop Belg. 2023; 89(1): 141–145.

45. Obionu K, Palm H, Astrup Y, et al. A clinical guide to the medial ligaments of the ankle: Anatomy, function, diagnosis of injuries and treatment of instability –⁠ a narrative review. Foot Ankle Surg. 2024; 30(2): 85–91.

46. Panagiotakis E, Mok KM, Fong DT, Bull AMJ. Biomechanical analysis of ankle ligamentous sprain injury cases from televised basketball games: Understanding when, how and why ligament failure occurs. J Sci Med Sport. 2017; 20(12): 1057–1061.

47. Park EH, de Cesar Netto C, Fritz J. MRI in acute ankle sprains: should we be more aggressive with indications? Foot Ankle Clin. 2023; 28(2): 231–264.

48. Persaud S, Hentges MJ, Catanzariti AR. Occurrence of lateral ankle ligament disease with stage 2 to 3 adult-acquired flatfoot deformity confirmed via magnetic resonance imaging: a retrospective study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2019; 58(2): 243–247.

49. Pflüger P, Valderrabano V. Sprain of the medial ankle ligament complex. Foot Ankle Clin. 2023; 28(2): 355–367.

50. Picot B, Lopes R, Rauline G. Development and validation of the Ankle-GO Score for discriminating and predicting return-tosport outcomes after lateral ankle sprain. Sports Health 2024; 16(1): 47–57.

51. Ritter S, Moore M. The relationship between lateral ankle sprain and ankle tendinitis in ballet dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2008; 12(1): 23–31.

52. Rivera MJ, Winkelmann ZK, Powden CJ, Games KE. Proprioceptive training for the prevention of ankle sprains: an evidence-based review. J Athl Train. 2017; 52(11): 1065–1067.

53. Rodrigues KA, Soares RJ, Tomazini JE. The influence of fatigue in evertor muscles during lateral ankle sprain. Foot (Edinb) 2019; 40 : 98–104.

54. Rougereau G, Noailles T, Khoury GE, et al. Is lateral ankle sprain of the child and adolescent a myth or a reality? A systematic review of the literature. Foot Ankle Surg. 2022; 28(3): 294–299.

55. Ruiz-Sánchez FJ, Ruiz-Muñoz M, Martín-Martín J, et al. Management and treatment of ankle sprain according to clinical practice guidelines: A PRISMA systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101(42): e31087.56. Russell JA. Acute ankle sprain in dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2010; 14(3): 89–96.

57. Saengsin J, Bhimani R, Sato G, et al. Use of portable ultrasonography for the diagnosis of lateral ankle instability. J Orthop Res. 2022; 40(10): 2421–2429.

58. Sman AD, Hiller CE, Refshauge KM. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for diagnosis of ankle syndesmosis injury: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2013; 47(10): 620–628.

59. Struijs P, Kerkhoffs G. Ankle sprain. Clin Evid. 2006; 15 : 14931501.

60. Tenforde AS, Yin A, Hunt KJ. Foot and ankle injuries in runners. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2016; 27(1): 121–137.

61. Vieira RB, Bertolini FM, Vieira TC, et al. Incidence of ankle sprains in soccer players with joint hypermobility syndrome. Rev Bras Ortop. 2015; 47(6): 710–713.

62. Vuurberg G, Altink N, Rajai M, et al. Weight, BMI and stability are risk factors associated with lateral ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability: A meta-analysis. J ISAKOS 2019; 4(6): 313–327.

63. Wagemans J, Bleakley C, Taeymans J, et al. Rehabilitation strategies for lateral ankle sprain do not reflect established mechanisms of re-injury: a systematic review. Phys Ther Sport. 2023; 60 : 75–83.

64. Wake J, Martin KD. Syndesmosis injury from diagnosis to repair: physical examination, diagnosis, and arthroscopic-assisted reduction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020; 28(13): 517–527.

65. Wang F, Guan Y, Bamber Z, et al. Preventive interventions for lateral ankle sprains: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2023; 37(5): 585–602.

66. Wilkerson RD, Mason MA. Differences in men’s and women’s mean ankle ligamentous laxity. Iowa Orthop J. 2000; 20 : 46–48.

67. Gomes YE, Chau M, Banwell HA, Causby RS. Diagnostic accuracy of the Ottawa ankle rule to exclude fractures in acute ankle injuries in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022; 23(1): 885.

68. Zahra W, Meacher H, Heaver C. Ankle sprains: a review of mechanism, pathoanatomy and management. Orthop Trauma. 2024; 38(1): 25–34.

69. Zalavras C, Thordarson D. Ankle syndesmotic injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007; 15(6): 330–339.