Changes in prices, sales, consumer spending, and beverage consumption one year after a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Berkeley, California, US: A before-and-after study

1. World Health Organization. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

2. Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2477–83. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1079 20693348

3. Brownell KD, Farley T, Willett WC, Popkin BM, Chaloupka FJ, Thompson JW, et al. The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(16):1599–605. doi: 10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723 19759377

4. Andreyeva T, Chaloupka FJ, Brownell KD. Estimating the potential of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce consumption and generate revenue. Prev Med. 2011;52(6):413–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.03.013 21443899

5. Wang YC, Coxson P, Shen Y, Goldman L, Bibbins-Domingo K. A penny-per-ounce tax on sugar-sweetened beverages would cut health and cost burdens of diabetes. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(1):199–207.

6. Popkin BM, Hawkes C. Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(2):174–86. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00419-2 26654575

7. Long MW, Gortmaker SL, Ward ZJ, Resch SC, Moodie ML, Sacks G, et al. Cost effectiveness of a sugar-sweetened beverage excise tax in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(1):112–23. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.004 26094232

8. Chriqui JF, Chaloupka FJ, Powell LM, Eidson SS. A typology of beverage taxation: multiple approaches for obesity prevention and obesity prevention-related revenue generation. J Public Health Policy. 2013;34(3):403–23. doi: 10.1057/jphp.2013.17 23698157

9. Colchero MA, Popkin BM, Rivera JA, Ng SW. Beverage purchases from stores in Mexico under the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages: observational study. BMJ. 2016;352:h6704. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6704 26738745

10. Colchero MA, Salgado JC, Unar-Munguía M, Molina M, Ng S, Rivera-Dommarco JA. Changes in prices after an excise tax to sweetened sugar beverages was implemented in Mexico: evidence from urban areas. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(12):e0144408. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144408 26675166

11. City of Berkeley. Frequently asked questions (FAQ) for the sweetened beverage tax of Berkeley, CA. Berkeley (California): City of Berkeley; 2016 Jan 4 [cited 2017 Mar 14]. Available from: http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Finance/Level_3_-_General/Frequently%20Asked%20Questions%20Edited%20Version%20111015.2.pdf.

12. United States Census Bureau. QuickFacts: United States. Washington (District of Columbia): United States Census Bureau; 2017 [cited 2017 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.census.gov/quickfacts.

13. City of Berkeley. Imposing a general tax on the distribution of sugar-sweetened beverage products. Berkeley (California): City of Berkeley; 2014 [cited 2017 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.cityofberkeley.info/uploadedFiles/Clerk/Elections/Sugar%20Sweeetened%20Beverage%20Tax%20%20-%20Full%20Text.pdf.

14. Mintel. GNPD–Global New Product Database. London: Mintel; 2017 [cited 2017 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.mintel.com/gnpd.

15. California Department of Public Health. Background on CDPS. Sacramento: California Department of Public Health; 2013 [cited 2017 Jan 15]. Available from: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/cpns/Documents/CDPSBackground2013.pdf.

16. Izrael D, Hoaglin D, Battaglia M. A SAS macro for balancing a weighted sample. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference. Cary (North Carolina): SAS Institute; 2000 [cited 2017 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi25/25/st/25p258.pdf.

17. Agricultural Research Service. Welcome to the USDA Food Composition Databases: National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Washington (District of Columbia): United States Department of Agriculture; 2014 [cited 2017 Jan 5]. Available from: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/.

18. Agricultural Research Service. Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Version 4.1. Washington (District of Columbia): United States Department of Agriculture; 2010.

19. Bureau of Labor Statistics. CPI databases. Washington (District of Columbia): Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2017 [cited 2017 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.bls.gov/cpi/#data.

20. StataCorp. Stata. Release 13. College Station (Texas): StataCorp; 2014.

21. Tooze JA, Midthune D, Dodd KW, Freedman LS, Krebs-Smith SM, Subar AF, et al. A new statistical method for estimating the usual intake of episodically consumed foods with application to their distribution. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(10):1575–87. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.003 17000190

22. Tooze JA, Kipnis V, Buckman DW, Carroll RJ, Freedman LS, Guenther PM, et al. A mixed-effects model approach for estimating the distribution of usual intake of nutrients: the NCI method. Stat Med. 2010;29(27):2857–68. doi: 10.1002/sim.4063 20862656

23. Haines PS, Popkin BM, Guilkey DK. Modeling food consumption decisions as a two-step process. Am J Agr Econ. 1988;70(3):543–52.

24. Belotti F, Deb P, Manning WG, Norton EC. twopm: two-part models. Stata J. 2015;15(1):3–20.

25. Berardi N, Sevestre P, Tepaut M, Vigneron A. The impact of a ‘soda tax’ on prices: evidence from French micro data. Banque de France Working Paper No. 415. Rochester (New York): SSRN; 2012 [cited 2017 Jan 15]. Available from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2192470.

26. Falbe J, Rojas N, Grummon AH, Madsen KA. Higher retail prices of sugar-sweetened beverages 3 months after implementation of an excise tax in Berkeley, California. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(11):2194–201. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302881 26444622

27. Cawley J, Frisvold DE. The pass-through of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages to retail prices: the case of Berkeley, California. J Policy Anal Manag. 2017; 36(2):303–26

28. Board of Commissioners of Cook County Illinois. Legislation details (with text): sweetened beverage tax. Chicago: Board of Commissioners of Cook County; 2016 [cited 2017 Jan 15]. Available from: https://cook-county.legistar.com/ViewReport.ashx?M=R&N=Master&GID=301&ID=2864031&GUID=8DDEE6A8-9125-4556-B93E-9D0D69774C08&Extra=WithText&Title=Legislation+Details+(With+Text).

29. No on HH: No Oakland Grocery Tax. Say “no” to an unfair grocery tax in Oakland. Oakland (California): No on HH: No Oakland Grocery Tax; 2016 [cited 2016 Nov 12]. Available from: http://nooaklandgrocerytax.com/.

30. Falbe J, Thompson HR, Becker CM, Rojas N, McCulloch CE, Madsen KA. Impact of the Berkeley excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(10):1865–71. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303362 27552267

31. Andreyeva T, Long MW, Brownell KD. The impact of food prices on consumption: a systematic review of research on the price elasticity of demand for food. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(2):216–22. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151415 20019319

32. Colchero MA, Salgado JC, Unar-Munguia M, Hernandez-Avila M, Rivera-Dommarco JA. Price elasticity of the demand for sugar sweetened beverages and soft drinks in Mexico. Econ Hum Biol. 2015;19:129–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2015.08.007 26386463

33. Escobar MAC, Veerman JL, Tollman SM, Bertram MY, Hofman KJ. Evidence that a tax on sugar sweetened beverages reduces the obesity rate: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1072. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1072 24225016

34. Williams-Ridley D. Sugar sweetened beverage tax revenues. Berkeley (California): City of Berkeley; 2016 May 2 [cited 2017 Mar 21]. Available from: http://www.cityofberkeley.info/uploadedFiles/Clerk/Level_3_-_General/SSB%20Revenues%20050216.pdf.

35. Raguso E. Council approves $1.5M to fight soda consumption. Berkeley (California): Berkeleyside NOSH; 2016 Jan 20 [cited 2017 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.berkeleyside.com/2016/01/20/berkeley-council-approves-1-5m-to-fight-soda-consumption/.

36. Stern D, Poti JM, Ng SW, Robinson WR, Gordon-Larsen P, Popkin BM. Where people shop is not associated with the nutrient quality of packaged foods for any racial-ethnic group in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(4):1125–34. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.121806 26912495

37. Stern D, Robinson WR, Ng SW, Gordon-Larsen P, Popkin BM. US household food shopping patterns: dynamic shifts since 2000 and socioeconomic predictors. Health Aff (Millwood). 2015;34(11):1840–8.