Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: why and for how long? – editorial

1. Franěk O, Pokorná M, Sukupová P. Pre‑hospital cardiac arrest in Prague, Czech Republic –⁠ The Utstein‑style report. Resuscitation 2010; 81 : 831 –⁠ 835.

2. Sunde K, Pytte M, Jacobsen D et al. Implementation of a standardised treatment protocol for post resuscitation care after out ‑⁠ of ‑⁠ hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2007; 73 : 29 –⁠ 39.

3. Gaieski DF, Band RA, Abella BS et al. Early goal ‑⁠ directed hemodynamic optimization combined with therapeutic hypothermia in comatose survivors of out ‑⁠ of ‑⁠ hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2009; 80 : 418 –⁠ 424.

4. Kirves H, Skrifvars MB, Vahakuopus M et al. Adherence to resuscitation guidelines during prehospital care of cardiac arrest patients. Eur J Emerg Med 2007; 14 : 75 –⁠ 81.

5. Nolan JP, Hazinski MF, Billi JE et al. Part 1: Executive summary: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2010; 81 (Suppl 1): e1 –⁠ e25.

6. Deem S, Hurford WE. Respiratory controversies in the critical care setting. Should all patients be treated with hypothermia following cardiac arrest? Respir Care 2007; 52 : 443 –⁠ 450.

7. Wijdicks EF, Hijdra A, Young GB et al. Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence‑based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2006; 67 : 203 –⁠ 210.

8. Rossetti AO, Oddo M, Logroscino G et al. Prognostication after cardiac arrest and hypothermia: a prospective study. Ann Neurol 2010; 67 : 301 –⁠ 307.

9. Zhao H, Steinberg GK, Sapolsky RM. General versus specific actions of mild ‑⁠ moderate hypothermia in attenuating cerebral ischemic damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27 : 1879 –⁠ 1894.

10. Milde LN. Clinical use of mild hypothermia for brain protection: a dream revisited. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1992; 4 : 211 –⁠ 215.

11. Small DL, Morley P, Buchan AM. Biology of ischemic cerebral cell death. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1999; 42 : 185 –⁠ 207.

12. Adachi M, Sohma O, Tsuneishi S et al. Combination effect of systemic hypothermia and caspase inhibitor administration against hypoxic ‑⁠ ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2001; 50 : 590 –⁠ 595.

13. Xu L, Yenari MA, Steinberg GK et al. Mild hypothermia reduces apoptosis of mouse neurons in vitro early in the cascade. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22 : 21 –⁠ 28.

14. Ning XH, Chen SH, Xu CS et al. Hypothermic protection of the ischemic heart via alterations in apoptotic pathways as assessed by gene array analysis. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92 : 2200 –⁠ 2207.

15. Polderman KH. Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit. Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality –⁠ Part 1: Indications and evidence. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30 : 556 –⁠ 575.

16. Siesjo BK, Bengtsson F, Grampp W et al. Calcium, excitotoxins, and neuronal death in brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989; 568 : 234 –⁠ 251.

17. Busto R, Dietrich WD, Globus MY et al. Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987; 7 : 729 –⁠ 738.

18. Globus MYT, Alonso O, Dietrich WD et al. Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effects of post‑traumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem 1995; 65 : 1704 –⁠ 1711.

19. Busto R, Globus MY, Dietrich WD et al. Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia‑induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke 1989; 20 : 904 –⁠ 910.

20. Dempsey RJ, Combs DJ, Maley ME et al. Moderate hypothermia reduces postischemic edema development and leukotriene production. Neurosurgery 1987; 21 : 177 –⁠ 181.

21. Dietrich WD, Busto R, Globus MY et al. Brain damage and temperature: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Adv Neurol 1996; 71 : 177 –⁠ 194.

22. Globus MYT, Busto R, Lin B et al. Detection of free radical activity during transient global ischemia and recirculation: effects of intraischemic brain temperature modulation. J Neurochem 1995; 65 : 1250 –⁠ 1256.

23. Aibiki M, Maekawa S, Ogura S et al. Effect of moderate hypothermia on systemic and internal jugular plasma IL‑6 levels after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurotraum 1999; 16 : 225 –⁠ 232.

24. Kimura A, Sakurada S, Ohkuni H et al. Moderate hypothermia delays proinflammatory cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 : 1499 –⁠ 1502.

25. Chi OZ, Liu X, Weiss HR. Effects of mild hypothermia on bloodbrain barrier disruption during isoflurane or pentobarbital anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2001; 95 : 933 –⁠ 938.

26. Fischer S, Renz D, Wiesnet M et al. Hypothermia abolishes hypoxia‑induced hyperpermeability in brain microvessel endothelial cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1999; 74 : 135 –⁠ 144.

27. Schwab S, Spranger M, Aschhoff A et al. Brain temperature monitoring and modulation in patients with severe MCA infarction. Neurology 1997; 48 : 762 –⁠ 767.

28. Castillo J, Dávalos A, Noya M. Progression of ischaemic stroke and excitotoxic amino acids. Lancet 1997; 349 : 79 –⁠ 83.

29. Oku K, Kuboyama K, Safar P et al. Cerebral and systemic arteriovenous oxygen monitoring after cardiac arrest: inadequate cerebral oxygen delivery. Resuscitation 1994; 27 : 141 –⁠ 152.

30. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out ‑⁠ of ‑⁠ hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 : 557 –⁠ 663.

31. The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group (2002) Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 : 549 –⁠ 556.

32. Holzer M, Bernard SA, Hachimi ‑⁠ Idrissi S et al. Collaborative Group on Induced Hypothermia for Neuroprotection after Cardiac Arrest. Hypothermia for neuroprotection after cardiac arrest: systematic reviwe and individual patient data met ‑⁠ analysis. Cric Care Med 2005; 33 : 414 –⁠ 418.

33. Cheung KW, Green RS, Magee KD. Systematic reviwe of randomized controlled trials of therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotectant in post cardiac arrest patients. Can J Emerg Med 2006; 8 : 329 –⁠ 337.

34. Arrich J, Holzer M, Herkner H et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Intern Med 2010; 16: JC –⁠ 22.

35. Biarenta D, Binghamb R, Eichc Ch et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 6. Paediatric life support. Resuscitation 2010; 81 : 1364 –⁠ 1388.

36. Richmonda S, Wyllie J. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Section 7. Resuscitation of babies at birth. Resuscitation 2010; 81 : 1389 –⁠ 1399.