Pathogenic paths of organ damage in metabolic syndrome

Czech version

Authors: Peter Galajda; Marián Mokáň
Authors‘ workplace: I. interná klinika JLF UK a UNM, Martin
Published in: Forum Diab 2026; 15(1): 8-15
Category: Topic

Overview

Metabolic syndrome is defined as cluster of independent risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases including heart failure and atrial fibrillation such as prediabetic states associated with insulin resistance (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and/or bordering increased glycosylated haemoglobin); central obesity, atherogenic dyslipidaemia with increasing of triglyceride levels and decreasing of high density lipoprotein levels and hypertension. This classical conception was modified by incorporation of other risk diseases including chronic kidney disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease with proposal of conception of cardiovascular-renal-hepatic-metabolic (CRHM) syndrome such tissue specific manifestation of the same pathogenic process. Etiopathogenesis of CRHM syndrome implements expansion of dysfunctional adipose tissue with activation of immune system, induction of low grade inflammatory reaction and induction of insulin resistance by inflammatory cytokines and lipids.

Keywords:

metabolic syndrome – type 2 diabetes mellitus – insulin resistance – low grade inflammatory reaction – inflammatory dysfunction of adipose tissue – cardiovascular-renal-hepatic-metabolic (CRHM) syndrome

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