Surveillance invazivního pneumokokového onemocnění a sérotypové pokrytí pneumokokových vakcín v České republice v letech 2007–2024
Authors:
J. Kozáková 1
; S. Vohrnová 1,2
; P. Křížová 1
; M. Malý 3
Authors‘ workplace:
National Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
1; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
2; Unit of Biostatistics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
3
Published in:
Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 75, 2026, č. 1, s. 24-37
Category:
Original Papers
doi:
https://doi.org/10.61568/emi/11-6659/20260202/142617
Overview
Cíl: Tato studie představuje epidemiologickou situaci ve výskytu invazivního pneumokokového onemocnění (IPO) v České republice v letech 2007 až 2024.
Metody: Zdrojem dat pro studii byl celostátní program surveillance IPO, který byl zahájen v roce 2008, přičemž rok 2007 byl jeho pilotním rokem. Data byla získána kombinací dat Národní referenční laboratoře pro streptokokové nákazy (NRL) a EpiDat a Informačního systému infekčních nemocí (ISIN), vždy s vyloučením duplicitních záznamů.
Výsledky: V letech 2007 až 2024 bylo v České republice zaznamenáno celkem 7 144 případů IPO s celkovou nemocností 3,7/100 000 obyvatel, která se v jednotlivých letech pohybovala mezi 2,3 a 5,6/100 000. Průměrná roční věkově specifická nemocnost za celé období dosahovala u dětí do jednoho roku 6,1/100 000, u dětí ve věku 1–4 roky 3,9/100 000, u dospělých ve věku 40–64 let 3,7/100 000 a ve věkové kategorii 65 let a více 9,6/100 000. V období 2007–2024 byly nejčastěji detekovány sérotypy 3, 19A a 8. Ve věkové skupině 0–4 roky to byly sérotypy 3, 19A a 14 a u dospělých ve věku 65 let a více převažovaly sérotypy 3, 19A a 22F. Během let došlo k poklesu výskytu sérotypů obsažených v pneumokokových konjugovaných vakcínách (PCV), s výjimkou sérotypů 3 a 19A, a naopak k nárůstu výskytu sérotypů, které nejsou pneumokokovými vakcínami pokryty. Po zavedení očkování proti pneumokokovým onemocněním v České republice výskyt sérotypu 4 zpočátku klesal, v posledních letech však vzrostl. Procentuální pokrytí sérotypů způsobujících IPO v současnosti doporučovanými pneumokokovými vakcínami činilo v roce 2024 u PCV13 42,8 %, u PCV15 48,5 %, u PCV20 60,7 %, u PCV21 62,8 % a u PCV23 66,9 %. Procento pokrytí sérotypů současnými vakcínami v České republice je srovnatelné s ostatními zeměmi, avšak v případě potenciálních nových vakcín je nižší než v ostatních zemích.
Závěr: V letech 2007 až 2024 došlo k poklesu nemocnosti IPO u dětí, a naopak k jejímu nárůstu u dospělých ve věku 65 a více let. Prezentované údaje mohou sloužit jako podklad pro aktualizaci doporučení České vakcinologické společnosti pro očkování proti pneumokokovým onemocněním. Vzhledem k sérotypovému pokrytí jednotlivých vakcín doporučujeme u dětí vícevalentní konjugované vakcíny PCV15 nebo PCV20 spíše než PCV13. Při vývoji pneumokokových vakcín se vychází z dat programů surveillance IPO ze zemí mimo Českou republiku, a proto jejich sérotypové složení nemusí plně odpovídat sérotypům cirkulujícím v České republice. Jsou vyvíjeny stále nové pneumokokové vakcíny. Je třeba nadále pokračovat v podrobné surveillance IPO nezbytné pro aktualizaci a optimalizaci strategie očkování proti pneumokokovým onemocněním v České republice.
Klíčová slova:
Streptococcus pneumoniae – očkování – invazivní pneumokokové onemocnění – sérotypizace
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